Phylogenetic and Molecular Characteristics of Wild Bird-Origin Avian Influenza Viruses Circulating in Poland in 2018−2022: Reassortment, Multiple Introductions, and Wild Bird–Poultry Epidemiological Links
Table 4
Molecular markers changing AIV biological properties [30–32] detected in HPAIV sequences of the H5 subtype in Poland from 2020 to 2022.
Segment
Mutation
N
Phenotype
PB2
I292V
18
Polymerase activity in mammalian cells [34, 35] ↑, virulence in mice ↑ [34]
PB2
K389R
40
Polymerase activity and replication in mammalian cells ↑ [36]
Virus replication in mammalian cells ↑, interferon response ↓ [67]
NS1
227ESEV230 (PDZ domain)
22
Virus replication in mice ↑ [70], virulence in mice ↑ [70, 71], and virus replication in mammalian and avian cells ↓ [72]
Asterisk () indicates mutations present also in LPAIVs from Poland. N = number of HPAIV sequences having the mutation, ↑ = increased, ↓ = decreased. For mutations identified in HA gene, H5 numbering was used.