Research Article

Phylogenetic and Molecular Characteristics of Wild Bird-Origin Avian Influenza Viruses Circulating in Poland in 2018−2022: Reassortment, Multiple Introductions, and Wild Bird–Poultry Epidemiological Links

Table 4

Molecular markers changing AIV biological properties [3032] detected in HPAIV sequences of the H5 subtype in Poland from 2020 to 2022.

SegmentMutationNPhenotype

PB2I292V18Polymerase activity in mammalian cells [34, 35] ↑, virulence in mice ↑ [34]
PB2K389R40Polymerase activity and replication in mammalian cells ↑ [36]
PB2K526R1Polymerase activity in mammalian cells ↑ [37]
PB2V598T41Polymerase activity and replication in mammalian cells ↑, virulence in mice ↑ [36]
PB2S715N42Virulence in mice ↓ [38]
PB2L89V + G309D38Polymerase activity in mammalian cells ↑, virulence in mice ↑ [39]
PB2L89V + G309D + T339K + R477G + I495V + K627E + A676T35Polymerase activity in mammalian cells ↑, virulence in mice ↑ [39]
PB1D3V42Polymerase activity and viral replication in avian and mammalian cells [40]
PB1D622G42Polymerase activity and virulence in mice ↑ [41]
PB1S678N1Replication in avian and mammalian cells ↑ [42]
PB1-F2N66S21Viral replication, antiviral response, and virulence in mice ↑ [43, 44]
PAS37A42Polymerase activity in mammalian cells ↑ [45]
PAK158R2Polymerase activity in mammalian cells ↑ [40]
PAP190S41Virulence in mice ↓ [46]
PAN383D41Polymerase activity in avian and mammalian cells ↑ [47, 48]
PAQ400P12Virulence in mice ↓ [46]
PAN409S42Polymerase activity in mammalian cells ↑ [45]
HAS123P41Virus binding to α2,6 receptors ↑ [49]
HAS133A41Pseudovirus binding to α2,6 receptors ↑ [50]
HAS154N42Virus binding to α2,6 receptors ↑ [51]
HAT156A41Virus binding to α2,6 receptors ↑, transmission to guinea pig ↑ [51, 52]
HAV182N41Virus binding to α2,6 receptors ↑, Virus binding to α2,3 receptors ↓ [53]
HAV210I1Virus binding to α2,6 receptors ↑ [54]
HAK394E42Fusion pH ↑, HA stability ↓, virulence in mice ↓ [55]
HAS107R + T108I41Fusion pH ↑, Virulence in chickens and mice ↑ [56]
HAK218Q + S223R42Virus binding to α2,3 and α2,6 receptors ↑ [57]
NPI41V1Polymerase activity in mammalian cells ↑ [58]
NPM105V30Virulence in chickens ↑ [59]
NPA184K42Replication in avian cells ↑, virulence in chickens ↑, host immune response ↑ [60]
NPN319K2Polymerase activity and replication in mammalian cells [61, 62] ↑
M1N30D42Virulence in mice ↑ [63]
M1I43M42Virulence in mice, chickens, and ducks ↑ [64]
M1T215A42Virulence in mice ↑ [63]
NS1P42S41Virulence in mice ↑, antiviral immune response in mice ↓ [65]
NS1I106M42Virus replication and virulence in mice ↑ [66]
NS1C138F42Virus replication in mammalian cells ↑, interferon response ↓ [67]
NS1V149A42Virulence in chickens ↑, interferon response in avian cells ↓ [68]
NS1L103F + I106M41Virulence in mice ↓ [69]
NS1K55E + K66E + C138F22Virus replication in mammalian cells ↑, interferon response ↓ [67]
NS1227ESEV230 (PDZ domain)22Virus replication in mice ↑ [70], virulence in mice ↑ [70, 71], and virus replication in mammalian and avian cells ↓ [72]

Asterisk () indicates mutations present also in LPAIVs from Poland. N = number of HPAIV sequences having the mutation, ↑ = increased, ↓ = decreased. For mutations identified in HA gene, H5 numbering was used.