Toxoplasmosis Behind Bars: One Health Approach on Serosurvey Dynamics and Associated Risk Factors for Women Inmates, Correctional Officers, and In-Prison Feral Cats

Table 3

Associated risk factors for anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in incarcerated women (N = 506) in a penitentiary of Paraná State, southern Brazil.

	Serological results (%)		Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	Positive	Negative	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
	230 (45.5)	276 (54.5)	—	—	—	—
Age (years old)	—	—	—	0.301	—	—
18–26	55 (24.0)	68 (24.6)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
27–31	58 (25.3)	65 (23.6)	1.10 (0.67–1.83)	—	—	—
32–38	45 (19.7)	72 (26.1)	0.77 (0.46–1.30)	—	—	—
>38	71 (31.0)	71 (25.7)	1.23 (0.76–2.01)	—	—	—
Ethnicity	—	—	—	0.036	—	—
Non-white	119 (52.0)	116 (42.2)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
White	110 (48.0)	159 (57.8)	0.68 (0.47–0.96)	—	0.68 (0.45–1.00)	0.052
Educational level	—	—	—	0.001	—	—
Elementary	172 (74.8)	165 (60.0)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
High school	44 (19.1)	93 (33.8)	0.46 (0.30–0.69)	—	0.47 (0.29–0.75)	0.001
Graduate	14 (6.09)	17 (6.18)	0.79 (0.37–1.67)	—	0.76 (0.32–1.71)	0.500
Hours in cell	—	—	—	0.007	—	—
All day	168 (75.7)	170 (63.9)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
18 hr	54 (24.3)	96 (36.1)	0.57 (0.38–0.85)	—	0.95 (0.57–1.58)	0.841
Cat owner before detention	—	—	—	0.354	—	—
No	142 (66.0)	188 (70.4)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
Yes	73 (34.0)	79 (29.6)	1.22 (0.83–1.80)	—	—	—
Contact with cats during detention	—	—	—	0.982	—	—
No	156 (72.9)	186 (72.4)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
Yes	58 (27.1)	71 (27.6)	0.97 (0.65–1.46)	—	—	—
Frequency in solarium (per week)	—	—	—	0.067	—	—
No access	37 (17.6)	47 (18.7)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
Once	64 (30.5)	100 (39.7)	0.81 (0.48–1.39)	—	0.89 (0.49–1.59)	0.687
Twice or more	109 (51.9)	105 (41.7)	1.32 (0.79–2.20)	—	1.40 (0.80–2.45)	0.235
Washing hands before meals	—	—	—	0.363	—	—
No	7 (3.08)	4 (1.48)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
Yes	220 (96.9)	267 (98.5)	0.48 (0.12–1.65)	—	—	—
History of raw meat ingestion	—	—	—	0.021	—	—
No	127 (58.8)	183 (69.3)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
Yes	89 (41.2)	81 (30.7)	1.58 (1.09–2.31)	—	1.53 (1.02–2.29)	0.040
Pregnant	—	—	—	1	—	—
No	216 (99.5)	268 (99.6)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
Yes	1 (0.46)	1 (0.37)	1.24 (0.03–48.6)	—	—	—
Mother	—	—	—	0.364	—	—
No	34 (15.0)	50 (18.5)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
Yes	192 (85.0)	220 (81.5)	1.28 (0.80–2.08)	—	—	—
History of miscarriage	—	—	—	0.545	—	—
No	144 (69.2)	168 (66.1)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
Yes	64 (30.8)	86 (33.9)	0.87 (0.58–1.29)	—	—	—
Contact with soil during detention	—	—	—	0.791	—	—
No	207 (93.7)	252 (92.6)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
Yes	14 (6.33)	20 (7.35)	0.86 (0.41–1.73)	—	—	—
Biting nails	—	—	—	0.485	—	—
No	151 (68.9)	173 (65.5)	1 (Reference)	—	—	—
Yes	68 (31.1)	91 (34.5)	0.86 (0.58–1.26)	—	—	—