Genetic Diversity and Biological Characteristics of H3 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from China in 2021–2022 Showed the Emerging H3N8 Posed a Threat to Human Health

Table 1

Molecular characteristics of the H3 viruses in this study.

Viruses

Mutations that increase the affinity to human-type receptor

Mutations that increase the replication or virulence of avian influenza viruses in mammalian hosts

Mutations that increase resistance to amantadine and rimantadine

HA

PB2

PB1

PA

NP

NS1

M2

I155T

Q226R

G228S

A588V

E627K

D701N

I368V

K356R

M105V

L103F

I106M

A30V

S31N

A/Henan/4-10CNIC/2022 (H3N8)

T

Q

S

V

K

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

A/Changsha/1000/2022(H3N8)

T

Q

G

V

V

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

A/Guangdong/ZS-23SF005/2023(H3N8)

T

Q

G

V

E

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

DK/GX/X1019/21(H3N8)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

V

F

M

A

S

DK/JX/E1137/21(H3N8)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

V

S

DK/AH/A1097/22(H3N8)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

L

M

A

S

DK/GD/G1176/22(H3N8)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

V

F

M

A

S

DK/JS/J1347/21(H3N8)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

A

S

DK/AH/A2142/21(H3N8)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

A

S

CK/NX/N1053/22(H3N8)

T

Q

G

V

E

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

CK/HuN/K1341/22(H3N8)

T

Q

G

V

E

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

DK/HuN/K1347/22(H3N8)

T

Q

G

V

E

D

V

E

V

L

I

A

N

CK/HN/K1166/22(H3N8)

T

Q

G

V

E

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

DK/GD/G1358/22(H3N8)

T

Q

G

V

E

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

CK/GD/G1321/22(H3N8)

T

Q

G

V

E

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

CK/JX/E1417/22(H3N8)

T

Q

G

V

V

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

GS/JX/E1427/22(H3N8)

T

Q

G

V

V

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

DK/GX/X2184/21(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

V

F

M

A

S

DK/GD/G1202/22(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

V

F

M

A

S

DK/GD/G1095/21(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

V

F

M

A

S

DK/GX/X1067/22(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

A

S

DK/GX/X1124/22(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

A

S

DK/GX/X1301/22(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

A

S

DK/FJ/F2158/21(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

A

S

DK/AnH/A1407/21(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

V

K

M

F

M

A

S

DK/HuN/K1055/22(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

A

S

CK/FJ/F1098/22(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

V

F

M

A

S

CK/FJ/F1086/22(H3N2)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

V

F

M

A

S

DK/HN/K1354/22(H3N6)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

A

S

DK/GX/X1012/21(H3N3)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

A

S

DK/JX/E2163/21(H3N3)

T

Q

G

A

E

D

I

K

M

F

M

A

S

DK/FJ/F1301/21(H3N3)

T

Q

G

V

E

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N

DK/FJ/F1306/21(H3N3)

T

Q

G

V

E

D

V

R

V

L

I

A

N