Negative Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency at Diagnosis on Breast Cancer Survival: A Prospective Cohort Study
Table 1
Comparison between clinical features according to serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations, sufficient (≥30 ng/mL), insufficient (20–30 ng/mL), and deficient (<20 ng/mL).
Variables
Sufficient (n = 65)
Insufficient (n = 92)
Deficient (n = 35)
value
Age (years)
60.7 ± 9.6a
61.2 ± 9.2a
61.9 ± 10.3a
0.71
Menarche age (years)
13.1 ± 1.6a
12.8 ± 1.6a
12.8 ± 1.2a
0.53
Menopause age (years)
48.4 ± 3.8a
48.8 ± 3.5a
48.1 ± 3.1a
0.61
Postmenopausal time (years)
12.3 ± 10.3a
12.5 ± 9.1a
13.3 ± 10.5a
0.66§
Parity (number of children)
2.9 ± 2.2a
2.7 ± 1.9a
2.8 ± 1.9a
0.85§
BMI (kg/m2)
31.0 ± 5.1a
31.0 ± 5.5a
30.0 ± 3.9a
0.58
25 (OH)D (ng/mL)
35.0 ± 6.0a
24.8 ± 2.8 b
17.1 ± 2.5c
<0.0001
Smoking, n (%)
11 (16.9)a
14 (15.2)a
6 (17.1)a
0.81#
Past use of MHT, n (%)
10 (15.4)a
8 (8.7)a
4 (11.4)a
0.31#
Hypertension, n (%)
30 (46.2)a
52 (56.5)a
18 (51.4)a
0.44#
Diabetes, n (%)
9 (13.9)a
20 (21.7)a
8 (22.8)a
0.30#
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or frequency (number) and percentage. 25 (OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; MHT, menopausal hormone therapy. value: (a, b) significant difference between groups and (a, a) without difference () (ANOVA, gamma distribution§ or chi-square test#).
