Screening of Breast among Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in Nepal

Shah, Sangam; Dahal, Krishna; Pangeni, Paras; Niroula, Sandhya; Paudel, Kiran; Subedi, Prativa; Dhakal, Sarita; Mandal, Prince; Rawal, Laba; Bhatta, Nikita; Shrestha, Anisha; Bhattarai, Ganesh; Bhandari, Pragya

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9969169

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Abstract Introduction Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Ethical Approval Consent Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2024 | Article ID 9969169 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9969169

Screening of Breast among Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in Nepal

Sangam Shah,¹Krishna Dahal,¹Paras Pangeni,²Sandhya Niroula,²Kiran Paudel,^3,4Prativa Subedi,⁵Sarita Dhakal,⁶Prince Mandal,¹Laba Rawal,¹Nikita Bhatta,¹Anisha Shrestha,¹and Ganesh Bhattarai¹ et al.

Academic Editor: Guan-Jun Yang

Received29 Dec 2023

Revised02 Apr 2024

Accepted18 Apr 2024

Published20 May 2024

Abstract

Background. Breast cancer ranks as the second most prevalent malignancy among women in Nepal. This cancer has a high likelihood of cure, if detected early. Therefore, it is imperative to emphasize awareness and screening for breast cancer in Nepal. It indeed underscores the importance of clinical breast examination. The study aims to find the disease burden, association of abnormal breast condition with sociodemographic variables, and the need for change in the breast cancer screening protocol. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2023 on 100 female participants who were older than 18 years. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. The chi-square test was used to compare nominal variables while the independent sample t-test and the paired sample t-test were used to compare nominal and continuous variables. Results. The findings of the study showed that 19% of all participants complained about abnormal breast, out of which 31.7% reported lumps, 26.31% reported discharge , another 26.31% reported pain, and the remaining 15.7% reported soreness. The upper outer quadrant and lower inner quadrant each individually accounted for 33.33% of the abnormal findings. The complaints of the participants in our study were significantly correlated with age at marriage, number of pregnancies, and use of contraception. Conclusion. Our study revealed considerable abnormal breast findings. This warrants the need for the change in breast cancer screening protocols which lead to early diagnosis and higher curability.

1. Introduction

Breast cancer is a significant global health issue that has been steadily increasing over the past decade. Breast cancer was the second most common cancer among women in Nepal in 2012, after cervix cancer, according to data from seven major cancer service hospitals [1, 2]. In the year 2012, GLOBOCAN estimates that there were 1,700 new cases of breast cancer diagnosed in Nepal, with an age standardized rate (ASR) of 13.7 new cases per 100,000 women, and 870 female fatalities, with an ASR of 7.2 fatalities per 100,000 women [3]. The WHO has recommended that early detection of breast cancer can improve breast cancer outcome and survival [4]. The five-year survival rate is 90% in the first stage, 75% in the second stage, 50% in the third stage, and <10% in the fourth stage [5]. For the early detection of breast cancer, regular screening of all women is necessary. There are three methods of screening, i.e., breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography, and these are usually done in combination [6].

There is a huge challenge for nations with limited resources, where there are few facilities for therapy and diagnostics and where the cost of appropriate care for breast cancer typically exceeds monthly income [7]. The majority of breast cancer patients receive their diagnosis at a late stage, which makes treatment more challenging and less successful, according to several studies conducted in environments with limited resources [8, 9]. Individual factors (low breast cancer awareness and knowledge, myths and misconceptions, mistrust in the health care system, and financial and access barriers) and systemic factors (poor quality and availability of health care services, absence of specialized public services and necessary drugs, high diagnosis and treatment costs, and low breast cancer awareness) have been identified as contributing factors to late presentation to health care providers [9–13]. In high-income nations, breast cancer screening programs are widely available; however, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where treatment options are limited locally and the population is young, there are few or no screening programs and they are likely to be both ineffective and expensive [14]. The current state of breast cancer screening in Nepal is characterized by lack of resources and awareness, particularly in rural areas [15].

To guide the development, expansion, and strengthening of health care system and breast cancer screening programs, it is crucial to estimate the prevalence of breast symptoms which need diagnostic service and likely follow-up and treatment [16]. However, there are very few literatures which cover the findings of the breast screening in our country. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the prevalence, clinical profile of breast diseases, and their association with sociodemographic variables among females in the Tokha Municipality of Nepal. The findings of the study are very essential in regards to see the disease burden, association of abnormal breast condition with sociodemographic variables, and the need for change in the breast cancer screening protocol.

2. Methodology

2.1. Design and Setting

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tokha Municipality on 100 female participants. Among 11 wards in Tokha, 4 wards were chosen randomly. The random sampling method was employed in the chosen wards. Randomly selection was carried out to minimize sampling bias and to ensure representation of the population.

2.2. Sample Size

If,

n = sample size.

z = level of confidence measure, if α = 0.05, Z = 1.96 for 95% confidence interval.

p = baseline prevalence incidence of major complication (p) = 5.8%.

d = margin of error. For this study, we have taken d = 5%, d = 0.05.

Then, simple size (n) can be calculated as n = p (1 − p)/ = [(1.96)² 0.056 0.944]/(0.05)² = 81.

So, the sample size is about 81 participants.

We included around 100 participants.

2.3. Study Subjects and Participants

Female aged over 18 years and who were willing to participate in the study were included in the study. Female younger than 18 years and those who did not give informed consent were excluded.

2.4. Outcome Measurement and Variables

The dependent variables were characteristic of complaints and behavioral characteristics, while the independent variables were sociodemographic characteristics.

2.5. Ethical Consideration

Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Nepal Health Research Council (approval number: 2915). Written informed consent was obtained from the study participants for the use of anonymous personal and clinical data in research after full explanation about the purpose and outcome of research. Confidentiality of the information was maintained thoroughly by deidentification.

2.6. Data Collection and Study Variables

Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire from July to September 2023. Validity of the questionnaire was ensured by the reviewers having the expertise in this field. Reliability analysis was conducted on the questionnaire responses. The questionnaire underwent pretesting in 10% of the sample size.

Data collection was done by the principal researcher along with three trained research assistants with a public health background. Medical doctors from Maharajgunj Medical College also assisted in data collection in Tokha Municipality. All the enumerator went through comprehensive orientation session where the study protocol, methodologies, and the technique of self-breast examination to the participants were thoroughly explained. The enumerators taught the respondent the correct technique to identify abnormalities. The respondents were then asked to perform the same technique on their own and if they reported any abnormalities they were sent for radiological examinations. In addition to suggesting clinical and cytological diagnoses for reported breast abnormalities, this study offered 100 women the chance to learn about breast abnormalities. A normal breast was painless, had clear skin, no lumps, a normal temperature, no discharge, and normal or abnormal mobility. Abnormal breasts were any divergence from the normal characters.

The variables selected include a wide variety of sociodemographic and behavioral variables that are known to affect breast health. These variables were chosen to capture different aspects, including age-related susceptibility, cultural biases, lifestyle habits, reproductive background, and health-seeking behaviors. The goal of this study is to understand the intricate interactions between these variables and breast abnormalities.

2.7. Statistical Analysis

Data were entered in Microsoft excel version 2019 and data analysis was performed on IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Descriptive analysis was done by calculating frequency and percentages of categorical variables. The chi-square test was employed for the comparison of nominal variables, while the independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test were utilized for the comparison of nominal and continuous variables.

3. Result

3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Population

Table 1 displays the sociodemographic details of research participants. Of the total 100 participants, 51% of them were older than 40, while the remaining were younger. The majority of participants in the study were married. A considerable percentage (54%) was illiterate.

3.2. Behavioral Characteristics of Study Population

The findings reveal that 28% of the individuals smoke and 24% drink alcohol on a regular basis. Of the participants, 35% began their menstrual cycle before the age of 13, 62.5% got married before turning 20, and 87.8% had their first sex before the age of 20. Of them, 53% were still sexually active (Table 2).

3.3. Characteristics of the Complaints

Of the total participants, 19% complained about the abnormal breast. Out of which 31.7% reported lumps, 26.31% reported discharge, another 26.31% reported pain, and the remaining 15.7% reported soreness as shown in Table 3.

Relationship between the complaints and sociodemographic and characteristics of the respondents.

There is a significant correlation between the age at first marriage and the complaints, specifically 18.8% of all participants who married before the age of 20 had abnormal cases, with a value of 0.04, as shown in Table 4.

3.4. Factors Associated with the Complaints

There was a significant relation between use of contraception and abnormal breast ( value 0.02), as shown in Table 5.

4. Discussion

Our finding revealed that 19% of the total participants complained about abnormal breast. Out of which 31.7% reported lumps, 26.31% reported discharge , another 26.31% reported pain, and the remaining 15.7% reported soreness. The upper outer quadrant and lower inner quadrant each individually accounted for 33.33% of the abnormal findings. In our study, variables such as age at marriage, number of pregnancy, and contraception showed significant association with the complaints of the participants. In this study, we have projected the need for the change of breast cancer screening in our health system since a substantial proportion of the participants reported abnormal breast findings.

In our study, 19% of the participants reported abnormal breast which is similar to the study of Malmartel et al., where 22.2% had an abnormal findings [17]. Ayele et al. showed less participants complaining of abnormal breast [16, 19, 20]. This might be because in the study by Ayele et al., clinical examination was performed only on the symptomatic patients which might have shown lower disease burden. In our study, lump and discharge accounted for major complains unlike pain and lump which was common in the studies by Ayele et al., Ayoade et al., Alamri et al., and Marmartel et al. [17, 19, 21, 22]. These suggest varying presentations of breast abnormalities. In the study by Celene et al., most common presentation of breast cancer was painless lump while other presentation were pain, inverted nipple, boil, and abnormal breast size [23].

In the same way, in our study, use of contraception was significantly associated with abnormal breast findings, which was consistent with the study in Ethiopia by Ayele et al. [19]. In a meta-analysis of several studies has shown a slight increased risk of abnormal breast findings ranging from 8 to 24% [24, 25]. Early studies found no association between contraceptives and breast cancer, with Kelsey even suggesting a potential protective effect [18, 26]. However, more recent research has documented an increased risk of breast cancer among hormonal contraceptive users although the overall risk remains low. These findings highlight the need for further research to fully understand the impact of contraception on breast health.

In the study of Ayele et al., age at first menstruation was significantly associated with abnormal breast findings whereas in our study, it was not significant [19]. This study’s findings on abnormal breast findings were significantly correlated with the use of contraception, age at first marriage, and number of pregnancies similar to the study of Bk et al. [27]. Early marriage, particularly before the age of 18, has been identified as a potential risk factor for breast cancer in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia [4]. This is consistent with the broader association between marital status and cancer diagnosis, with unmarried individuals being more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage [28]. Similarly, parity, or the number of pregnancies, is linked to a short-term increase in breast cancer risk, followed by a long-term decrease [29]. These findings suggest that hormonal risk factors may be contributing. This suggests that more research is necessary to determine how these are related to one another.

In addition to suggesting clinical and cytological diagnoses for reported breast abnormalities, this study offered 100 women the chance to learn about breast abnormalities. The findings of the study have shown the burden of breast abnormalities and unfulfilled diagnostic needs across the country. This warrants the need of change in breast screening protocols as routine mammography screening in a resource‐limited country with a young population is neither sensitive nor affordable. The data of the study will serve as a policy guide to improve breast diagnostic and treatment.

Our study also had some limitations. The data were collected by self-report which can introduce biases as participants may not accurately recall or report their experiences, leading to underreport or overreport of the symptoms. This can result in inaccurate prevalence estimates. Since the sample size is relatively small, so the result cannot be generalized as it might not accurately represent the true prevalence or association; hence, it is recommended to conduct further studies using larger samples at various areas. We were not able to incorporate all the factors that could have influenced the association between the variables. Despite the limitations, the findings of this study highlighted that there is a critical need for reinforcing breast cancer screening protocols and resource allocation in health system.

5. Conclusion

Our study has identified a high prevalence of breast abnormalities that require immediate action. It is very important to prioritize education and awareness programs aimed at promoting early detection of breast abnormalities. Policymakers must tailor screening protocols to address the unique needs of different demographic groups and ensure the timely availability of diagnostic services, including clinical and radiological examinations, particularly in underserved areas.

The study’s findings offer constructive insights for healthcare practitioners in Nepal. By utilizing these insights, healthcare providers can tailor their approaches to identify and manage breast abnormalities among women more effectively. Through prioritizing awareness campaigns, early detection efforts, and improved access to diagnostic services, healthcare providers can significantly enhance breast health outcomes and reduce the burden of breast abnormalities in the population. Given the limitations of routine mammography screening in resource-limited settings with a predominantly young population, policymakers should explore alternative screening modalities that are more sensitive, cost-effective, and feasible in the Nepalese context. This may include the integration of breast self-examination and clinical breast examination into primary healthcare services. It is absolutely necessary to invest in healthcare infrastructure, training of healthcare personnel, and strengthening referral systems to ensure timely follow-up and treatment for women with abnormal breast findings.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Ethical Approval

Ethical clearance was obtained from Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC).

Informed written consent was obtained from the selected patients or their relatives, explaining the nature of the study and the associated risks.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

SS and KD wrote the original manuscript. SS, KD, PP, SN, KP, PS, SD, PM, LR, NB, AS, GB, and PB reviewed and edited the manuscript. SN performed the analysis. PB was research supervisor and designed the study. SS, KD, PP, SN, KP, PS, SD, PM, LR, GB, NB, AS, and PB were involved in data collection. Sangam Shah and Krishna Dahal are the cofirst authors.

Acknowledgments

We would like to all those who helped in conducting the study. The authors would also like to acknowledge Dr. Suyog Bhandari, Dr. Basanta Sharma Paudel, Dr. Prakash Sharma and Dr. Arun Kharel. The authors declare that provincial grant was awarded to Dr. Pragya Bhandari for the study by Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC).

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