Bystander Position Taking in School Bullying: The Role of Positive Identity, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Determination

Table 1

Bullying units overview.

	Unit code/unit Name	Construct	Unit aim	Learning targets
Secondary 1	AB1.1 incidents of bullying	Behavioral competence, emotional competence, resilience	To understand what is meant by bullying and its consequences, to avoid being a bully or a victim	(1) To understand the definition of bullying
				(2) To investigate the behavioral and emotional reactions of the bully, the victim, and bystanders in bullying incidents, and the consequences of bullying
	AB1.2 behind the mask of bullying	Emotional competence, behavioral competence	To understand the true needs of the bullies and identify proper approaches to minimize bullying	(1) To understand the reasons of bullying and the mentality of the bullies
				(2) To identify suitable approaches to fulfill the underlying needs of the bullies in order to reduce bullying
	AB1.3 a secret book of bullying prevention	Social competence, behavioral competence	To learn what should be done in the face of bullying	To learn dos and don’ts in the face of bullying
Secondary 2	AB2.1 I can make a difference	Moral competence, prosocial norm	To understand that bystanders play an important role in bullying	(1) To understand that the “bystander effect” has a significant impact on a person’s decisions and behavior
				(2) To understand that the consequences of a bullying incident vary with the attitudes and responses of the bystanders
	AB2.2 make a smart move	Moral competence, behavioral competence	To learn to be a wise and responsible bystander	(1) To understand the factors affecting the attitudes and responses of bystanders to bullying incidents
				(2) To investigate how to stop school bullying wisely
Secondary 3	AB3.1 online buddies	Moral competence	To learn to be a responsible bystander in cyber bullying	(1) To know the tremendous harm that cyber-bullying can cause
				(2) To investigate the proper attitude for bystanders in cyber bullying incidents
	AB3.2 alien?	Social competence	To learn and practice the motto “seek common ground and respect differences; seek harmony but not uniformity”	(1) To understand that everyone has his/her own limitations and is different from others
				(2) To learn to understand, tolerate, and accept those who are different from us