Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Suppress Lactobacillus casei Cell-Wall-Induced NF-𝜿B and MAPK Activations and Cell Proliferation through Protein Kinase A—or Exchange Protein Activated by cAMP-Dependent Signal Pathway

Figure 2

Changes in the levels of phospho-NF-κB, phospho-ERK, and phospho-VASP (a) and change in cell proliferation (b) in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells after treatment with LCWE (10 μg/mL) or a combination of theophylline (10 mM) and LCWE (10 μg/mL). Each column represents the mean ± SEM. *𝑃<0.01  versus untreated controls. ^#𝑃<0.01  versus LCWE treatment group.

(a)

(b)