Acute and Short-Term Effects of Dry Needling in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain and Hamstring Tightness: A Pilot Study

Table 2

Results of outcomes before, after, and one week after dry needling (n = 10).

			Mean ± standard deviation
Variable	Before	Immediately after	One week after
VAS	4.76 ± 1.38	3.89 ± 1.83, d^⁂ = 0.54	2.49 ± 2.16, d = 1.25
PKE^† right limb (degree)	43.60 ± 8.64	50.16 ± 9.76, d = 0.71	50.73 ± 8.82, d = 0.82
PKE^†left limb (degree)	41.87 ± 9.83	48.5 ± 12.58, d = 0.59	50.0 ± 8.65, d = 0.88
FFD^⁑ (cm)	8.25 ± 5.22	5.86 ± 6.57, d = 0.40	5.24 ± 8.0, d = 0.45
FRI^‡	29.75 ± 11.87	—	21.25 ± 11.62, d = 0.72

VAS, visual analog scale; ⁑FFD, finger-floor distance; ‡PKE, passive knee extension; ‡FRI, functional rating index; ⁂Cohen’s d.