The Impact of Climate-Smart Agriculture Technology on Productivity: Does Row Planting Matter? Evidence from Southern Ethiopia

Table 1

Balance test of covariates.

Variable	Adopters (n = 83	Non-adopters (n = 119)	Mean difference (non- adopters—Adopters)
Household size	4.506 (1.81)	4.437 (2.208)	−0.69 (0.293)
Education of household head (number of years of formal schooling)	2.711 (3.319)	2.924 (3.128)	0.214 (0.458)
Age of the household head	42.651 (9.863)	42.664 (11.06)	0.013 (1.513)
Livestock(TLU)	1.627 (1.009)	1.723 (1.186)	0 .096 (0.160)
Extension (distance from extension offices in walking minutes)	25.422 (14.164)	25.563 (13.087)	0 .141 (1.936)
Gender (1 if the head is male)	0.518 (0.503)	0.412 (0.494)	−0.106 (0.712)
Spouse education (1 if spouse can read and write)	0.048 (0.215)	0.05 (.22)	0.002 (0.312)
Farm size (area cultivated for wheat production)	2.027 (0.913)	1.981 (0.883)	−0.046 (0.128)
Cooperative membership (1 if the household head is member of farm cooperative)	0.313 (0.467)	0.126 (0.333)	−0.187 (0.056)
Off-farm (1 if the household has off-farm income source)	0.12 (0.328)	0.042 (0.201)	−0.078 (0.037)
Social role (1 if the household head has any role in the community)	0.217 (0.415)	0.118 (0.324)	−0.099 (0.052)
Market information	0.289 (0.456)	0.202 (0.403)	−0.087 (0.061)
Farm experience (years of farm experience)	15.795 (8.606)	16.008 (8.984)	0.213 (1.263)
Mkt distance (distance to the main market in walking minutes)	37.289 (12.393)	37.202 (11.34)	−0.087 (1.685)
Access to credit	0.313 (0.467)	0.311 (0.465)	−0.002 (0.066)
Fertilizer use	0.289 (0.020)	0.143 (0.032)	0.146 (0.057)

Numbers in parenthesis are standard errors and , , and are significance levels at 10%, 5%, and 1% level of significance