Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Domestic Ruminants in East Hararghe Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Table 2

Analysis of risk factors related to T. gondii seropositivity in sheep at animal level ().

Variables	Category	Number tested	Positive (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value
District	Haramaya	95	25 (26.3)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
	Gursum	143	44 (30.8)	1.24 (0.70–2.22)	0.69 (0.35–1.34)	0.270
	Babille	94	43 (45.7)	2.36 (1.28–4.35)	0.95 (0.46–1.94)	0.881
Environment	Rural	253	58 (22.9)	1.00 (ref.)	—	—
	Urban	79	54 (68.4)	7.26 (4.16–12.68)	—	—
Sex	Male	68	11 (16.2)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Female	264	101 (38.3)	3.21 (1.61–6.41)	2.63 (1.18–5.88)	0.019
Age	≤1 year	39	9 (23.1)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
	>1 year	293	103 (35.2)	1.81 (0.83–3.95)	1.15 (0.45–2.91)	0.772
Flock size	Small	270	89 (33.0)	1.00 (ref.)	—	—
	Large	62	23 (37.1)	1.20 (0.68–2.13)	—	—
Cats contact	No	207	62 (30.0)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Yes	125	50 (40.0)	1.56 (0.98–2.48)	1.28 (0.74–2.20)	0.371
Water source	Mixed	198	34 (17.2)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
	Pond	55	24 (43.6)	3.73 (1.95–7.14)	4.25 (2.15–8.38)	<0.001
	Pipe water	79	54 (68.4)	10.42 (5.71–19.00)	9.57 (5.00–18.33)	<0.001
House type	Pen	24	3 (12.5)	1.00 (ref.)	—	—
	Both	207	48 (23.2)	2.11 (0.60–7.39)	—	—
	Fence	101	61 (60.4)	10.68 (2.99–38.15)	—	—

Mixed: river, stream water, and well; Pond: stagnant water; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Significant.