Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Domestic Ruminants in East Hararghe Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Table 3

Logistic regression analysis of risk factors with T. gondii seropositivity in goats at animal level ().

Variables	Category	Number tested	Positive (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value
District	Haramaya	121	22 (18.2)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Gursum	176	61 (34.7)	2.39 (1.37–4.16)	0.52 (0.20–1.36)	0.185
	Babille	113	30 (26.6)	1.63 (0.87–3.03)	0.15 (0.05–0.48)	<0.001
Environment	Rural	340	79 (23.2)	1.00 (ref.)	—	—
	Urban	70	34 (48.6)	3.12 (1.83–5.31)	—	—
Sex	Male	93	16 (17.2)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	–
	Female	317	97 (30.6)	2.12 (1.18–3.82)	1.65 (0.86–3.18)	0.134
Age	≤1 year	63	6 (9.5)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	>1 year	347	107 (30.8)	4.24 (1.77–10.12)	3.45 (1.34–8.90)	0.010
Breed	Hararghe highland	29	5 (17.2)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Long ear Somali	349	95 (27.2)	1.80 (0.67–4.84)	1.10 (0.36–3.39)	0.863
	Undetermined	32	13 (40.6)	3.28 (0.99–10.84)	2.77 (0.68–11.31)	0.155
Flock size	Small	324	95 (29.3)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Large	86	18 (20.9)	0.64 (0.36–1.13)	0.85 (0.45–1.60)	0.607
Cats contact	No	270	70 (25.9)	1.00 (ref.)	—	—
	Yes	140	43 (30.7)	1.27 (0.81–1.99)	—	—
Water source	Mixed	188	29 (15.4)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Pond	152	50 (32.9)	2.69 (1.60–4.52)	6.03 (2.42–15.05)	<0.001
	Pipe water	70	34 (48.6)	5.18 (2.80–9.56)	11.61 (4.35–30.95)	<0.001
House type	Pen	27	5 (18.5)	1.00 (ref.)	—	—
	Both	292	73 (25.0)	1.47 (0.54–4.01)	—	—
	Fence	91	35 (38.5)	2.75 (0.95–7.93)	—	—

Mixed: river, stream water, and well; Pond: stagnant water; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Significant.