Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Domestic Ruminants in East Hararghe Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Table 5

Analysis of risk factors with T. gondii seropositivity in camels at animal level ().

Variables	Category	Number tested	Positive (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value
District	Gursum	95	13 (13.7)	1.00 (ref.)	—	—
	Babille	197	29 (14.7)	1.09 (0.54–2.20)	—	—
Sex	Male	73	11 (15.1)	1.00 (ref.)	—	—
	Female	219	31 (14.2)	0.93 (0.44–1.96)	—	—
Age	≤4 years	110	9 (8.2)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	>4 years	182	33 (18.1)	2.49 (1.14–5.42)	2.49 (1.14–5.45)	0.022
Herd size	Small	203	30 (14.8)	1.00 (ref.)	—	—
	Large	89	12 (13.5)	0.90 (0.44–1.85)	—	—
Cat contact	No	246	32 (13.0)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	—
	Yes	46	10 (21.7)	1.86 (0.84–4.10)	1.87 (0.84–4.18)	0.127
Water source	Mixed	215	30 (14.0)	1.00 (ref.)	—	—
	Pond	77	12 (15.6)	1.14 (0.55–2.35)	—	—

Mixed: river, stream water, and well; Pond: stagnant water; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Significant.