Effects of Super Nutritional Hepatic Copper Accumulation on Hepatocyte Health and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows

Table 1

Liver leakage enzymes, BA, and hepatic CF data.

	Mean ± SE	Range	Reference Range
GLDH (U/L)	23.5 ± 1.65	4-80	6-68
SDH (U/L)	19.66 ± 1.03	7-72.6	6.6-37.8
GGT (U/L)	28.07 ± 0.96	13-68	4-41
BA (μmol/L)	28.12 ± 2.70	2-174	0-12
AST (U/L)	91.43 ± 6.01	32-394	48-204
Hepatic Crude Fat (%)	7.96 ± 0.48	4.44-33.11	3-8

Summary of serum liver leakage enzyme activity, bile acid concentration, and hepatic crude fat percentage in cull Holstein dairy cows (n=100).