Listeria Species Occurrence and Associated Risk Factors and Antibiogram of Listeria Monocytogenes in Milk and Milk Products in Ambo, Holeta, and Bako Towns, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Table 4

Logistic regression analyses of potential risk factors for Listeria species isolation rate in study towns at cow level.

Risk factors	Category	Univariable		Multivariable
		Or (95%CI)	value	Or (95%CI)	value
Town	Bako	1.0	—	1.0	—
	Holeta	4.45 (0.57–34.89)	0.155	3.42 (0.39–29.97	0.267
	Ambo	8.18 (1.05–63.60)	0.045	5.87 (0.71–48.32)	0.100
Breed	Local	1.0	—	1.0	—
	Cross	2.57 (0.58–11.23)	0.209	1.73 (0.33–9.01)	0.513
	Jersey	2.61 (0.42–16.41)	0.305	2.64 (0.39–17.99)	0.323
Age in years	2–4	1.0	—
	5–7	1.46 (0.55–3.87)	0.448
	8–15	1.69 (0.52–5.45)	0.382
Seasons	Wet	1.0	—	1.0	—
	Dry	1.68 (0.72–3.94)	0.232	1.04 (0.30–3.63)	0.951
Management system	Extensive	—	—	1.0
	Semi-intensive	1.03 (0.34–3.19)	0.943	1.38 (0.37–5.20)	0.635
	Intensive	2.82 (1.10–7.24)	0.031	3.38 (1.02–11.18)	0.046
Parity	Second	1.0	—
	Fourth	1.09 (0.32–3.69)	0.895
	First	1.38 (0.49–3.84)	0.544
	Third	1.65 (0.48–5.67)	0.427
Washing hands before milking	Yes	1.0	—
	No	1.37(0.63–3.00)	0.429
Washing udder before milking	Yes	1.0	—
	No	1.25 (0.45–3.44)	0.668
Materials used for udder drying	Collective/shared/towel	1.0	—	1.0	—
	Individual towel	1.36 (0.57–3.23)	0.493	1.47 (0.52–4.11)
	Just with hand/no towel	2.45 (0.81–7.40)	0.112	2.35 (0.63–8.71)	0.203
Source of water used for udder/utensil washing	River	1.0	—	1.0	—
	Tap	2.09 (0.61–7.14)	0.238	1.70 (0.45–6.41)	0.436