Phenotypical Identification and Toxinotyping of Clostridium perfringens Isolates from Healthy and Enteric Disease-Affected Chickens

Table 4

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors for the presence of C. perfringens in diseased chicken.

Outcome variable	Explanatory variable	Description	OR(95%CI)	-value
Clostridium perfringens	Litter materials	No use	5	0.218
		New	1	Reference
		Previously used	21.77 (2.22–212.66)	0.008
	Intestinal lesions	Hemorrhage	1	Reference
		Ulceration	30.01 (3.02–297.91)	0.004
		Necrosis	3.17 (0.22–44.04)	0.388
		Ballooned with gas	24.74 (4.34–140.86)	0.001
	Use of probiotics	No	1	Reference
		Yes	5.24 (0.74–36.75)	0.095

Odds ratio.