Prevalence, Contamination Level, and Associated Factors of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Cow Milk at Selected Districts of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Table 4

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of S. aureus contamination in milk.

Variables		OR	CI at 95%	value
		S. aureus	S. aureus	S. aureus
Respondents’ gender	Male	1.030	0.75–2.09	0.934
	Female	Ref	Ref	Ref
Educational attainment	Illiterate	6	4.01–8.07	0.000
	1–8	5	4.00–6.40	0.005
	9–12	2	1.04–3.89	0.6
	College and above	Ref	Ref	Ref
Participated in food hygiene training	Yes	0.6	0.14–1.69	0.37
	No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Putting on a hair cap	No	1.4	0.52–3.81	0.187
	Yes	Ref	Ref	Ref
Putting on a gown/apron	No	1.3	1.12–1.84	0.6
	Yes	Ref	Ref	Ref
Annual health examination	Yes	0.4	0.09–1.81	0.242
	No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Picking one’s nose while working on milk	Yes	1.41	0.54–2.25	0.000
	No	Ref	Ref	Ref
Cleaning the milk can	Water only	4.5	2.61–5.17	0.000
	Water and detergent	Ref	Ref	Ref
Hand cleaning	Water only	3.4	1.67–6.98	0.001
	Water and detergent	Ref	Ref	Ref
Check for abnormal milk	No	2	1.55–2.75	0.000
	Yes	Ref	Ref	Ref
Container for milk	Vinyl jerkan	3	1.25–6.72	0.04
	Milk tank with an aluminum coating	Ref	Ref	Ref

Ref: reference point.