Molecular Prevalence and Risk Factors of Campylobacter Infection in Puppies in the Nairobi Metropolitan Region, Kenya

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of variables and univariable logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors for puppy Campylobacterspecies positivity ( ≤ 0.2).

Variables	Level	Proportion (n = 260)	No. positive(%)	Odds ratio	value
Type of facility	Veterinary hospital	44	13 (29.5)	Ref
	Breeding kennels	210	48 (22.9)	0.6	0.003^∗
	Shelters	6	3 (50)	3	0.0001^∗
Reason for keeping puppy	Commercial	171	45 (26.3)	Ref
	Pet	37	11 (29.7)	0.8	0.592
	Breeding	17	4 (23.5)	0.8	0.704
	Security	35	4 (1.4)	0.3	0.029^∗
Type of housing	Household	11	0	Ref
	Kenneled	249	64 (25.7)	0.8	0.005^∗
Nature of housing	Individual	41	9 (22)	Ref
	Grouped	219	55 (25.1)	1.2	0.73
Type of floor in the kennels	Wooden	176	49 (27.8)	Ref
	Concrete	84	15 (17.9)	2.3	0.12^∗
Daily washing of the kennels	Yes	229	62 (27.1)	6.7	0.0001^∗
	No	31	2 (6.5)	Ref
Type of food	Commercial	56	13 (23.2)	Ref
	Homemade	88	27 (30.7)	0.79	1.2
	Others	116	24 (20.7)	0.65	0.76
Sex of the puppy	Male	123	23 (18.7)	Ref
	Female	137	41 (30)	1.7	0.21
Age of the puppy	<2 months	90	28 (31.1)	Ref
	2–5 months	108	27 (25)	0.6	0.29
	>5 months	62	9 (14.5)	0.3	0.016^∗
Breed of the puppy	Local	52	15 (28.8)	Ref
	GSD	96	29 (30.2)	0.9	0.78
	Others	112	20 (17.9)	0.5	0.24
Deworming status	Not up to date	105	26 (24.8)	Ref
	Up to date	155	38 (24.5)	0.9	0.8
Vaccination status	Not up to date	63	16 (25.4)	Ref
	Up to date	197	48 (24.4)	0.9	0.3
Body condition (SHAPE)	Thin and lean	117	34 (29)	Ref
	Ideal and moderately obese	143	30 (21)	0.6	0.14^∗
Recent diarrhea	Yes	36	9 (25)	1.2	0.71
	No	224	55 (24.6)	Ref
Recent vomiting	Yes	14	5 (35.7)	1.5	0.2
	No	246	59 (24.6)	Ref
Diagnosed with parvoviral enteritis	Yes	12	4 (33.3)	1	0.51
	No	248	6 (2.4)	Ref
Diagnosed with helminthiasis	Yes	26	7 (27)	1.4	0.56
	No	234	57 (24)	Ref
Concurrent bacterial infections	Yes	18	3 (16.7)	0.5	0.2^∗
	No	242	61 (25.2)	Ref
Recent treatment with antibiotics	Yes	42	14 (33.3)	1.7	0.093^∗
	No	218	52 (23.9)	Ref
Exposure to pets	Yes	90	18 (20)	0.8	0.7
	No	170	46 (27.1)	Ref
Exposure to poultry	Yes	43	10 (23.3)	1.1	0.81
	No	217	54 (24.9)	Ref
Exposure to livestock	Yes	16	3 (18.8)	0.7	0.63
	No	244	61 (25)	Ref

Factors significant at p ≤ 0.2.