Research Article
Canine Mammary Tumors as a Potential Model for Human Breast Cancer in Comparative Oncology
Table 2
Univariate and multivariable analyses of prognostic factors for 64 available canine mammary tumors.
| | Variable | Number (%) | Univariate | Multivariable | | Cases (n = 64) | DFS (n = 22) | HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
| | Age (years) | | ≤8 | 23 (35.9) | 5 (21.7) | 1 | — | | 9–11 | 21 (32.8) | 8 (38.1) | 0.69 (0.34–1.42) | | ≥12 | 20 (31.3) | 9 (45.0) | 0.59 (0.28–1.25) |
| | Tumor size | | <3 cm | 31 (48.4) | 18 (58.1) | 1 | — | | 3–5 cm | 26 (40.6) | 3 (11.5) | 4.11 (2.05–8.27) | | >5 cm | 7 (11.0) | 1 (14.3) | 7.8 (2.92–20.81) |
| | Vascular invasion | | Absent | 29 (45.3) | 17 (58.6) | 1 | — | | Present | 35 (54.7) | 5 (14.3) | 4.36 (2.2–8.63) |
| | Perineural invasion | | Absent | 51 (79.7) | 22 (43.1) | 1 | — | | Present | 13 (20.3) | 0 (0.0) | 11.72 (5.14–26.7) |
| | Necrosis | | Absent | 39 (60.9) | 17 (43.59) | 1 | — | | Present | 25 (39.1) | 5 (20.0) | 2.17 (1.18–3.99) |
| | Histological grade | | Grade 1 | 27 (42.2) | 18 (66.7) | 1 | — | | Grade 2 | 25 (39.1) | 4 (16.0) | 5.55 (2.48–12.4) | | Grade 3 | 12 (18.7) | 0 (0.0) | 61.45 (18.71–201.8) |
| | TNM stage | | Stage I | 31 (48.4) | 18 (58.1) | 1 | — | | Stage II | 20 (31.3) | 3 (15.0) | 3.45 (1.65–7.2) | | Stage III | 13 (20.3) | 1 (7.7) | 9.31 (4.1–21.15) |
| | Type of surgery | | Simple mastectomy | 36 (56.25) | 19 (52.78) | 1 | 1 | | Regional mastectomy | 20 (31.25) | 2 (10) | 3.59 (1.82–7.11) | 2.78 (1.14–6.8) | | Radical mastectomy | 8 (12.5) | 1 (12.5) | 7.19 (2.93–17.68) | 0.37 (0.07–1.88) |
| | Tumor subtypes | | Luminal A | 31 (48.4) | 21 (67.7) | 1 | 1 | | Luminal B | 14 (21.9) | 1 (7.1) | 7.84 (3.31–18.57) | 8.03 (2.94–21.94) | | Triple negative | 9 (14.1) | 0 (0.0) | 103.06 (30.83–344.52) | 48.08 (7.74–298.8) | | Her2-enriched | 10 (15.6) | 0 (0.0) | 12.84 (5.17–31.93) | 13.76 (4.31–43.94) |
| | Ki67 status | | Weak | 14 (21.9) | 9 (64.3) | 1 | 1 | | Moderate | 21 (32.8) | 12 (57.1) | 1.31 (0.44–3.91) | 0.83 (0.24–2.89) | | Strong | 29 (45.3) | 1 (3.4) | 13.02 (4.77–35.54) | 7.88 (2.02–30.68) |
| | Cox2 status | | Negative | 26 (40.6) | 18 (69.2) | 1 | 1 | | Weak | 15 (23.4) | 2 (14.3) | 5.04 (2.05–12.35) | 3.74 (1.36–10.3) | | Moderate | 14 (21.9) | 2 (13.3) | 7.27 (2.9–18.24) | 5.43 (1.86–15.87) | | Strong | 9 (14.1) | 0 (0.0) | 92.32 (26.56–320.9) | 29.35 (5.18–166.4) |
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DFS, disease-free survival; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. Adjusted HR: Cox proportional hazards ratio model fitted in each biomarker individually with age, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, histological grade, and TNM stage.
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