TRILO: A Traffic Indication-Based Downlink Communication Protocol for LoRaWAN

Table 2

Notations.

Notation	Meaning
	Size of a beacon except preamble, the minimum size is 17+4∙ m bytes where m is the number of end-devices with buffered downlinks
	Size of a poll frame except preamble. The minimum size can be 4
	Average size of a downlink frame except preamble
	Time to compensate clock drift. According to the LoRaWAN standard, it is set to 13 mSec.
	Time gap between two consecutive frames during downlink operation. Frames include poll and data.
	Beacon broadcasting data rate. The standard specifies using SF=12 and the data rate is 250 bps
	Average poll frame transmission data rate
	Average downlink frame transmission data rate