TRILO: A Traffic Indication-Based Downlink Communication Protocol for LoRaWAN

<table class="fixed-width table-group" id="tab3"><tr><td><table class="table"><colgroup><col style="width:10.16em"/><col style="width:4.24em"/><col style="width:4.19em"/><col style="width:4.03em"/></colgroup><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Packet generation rate </td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 34.7262ptpx;"><svg height="12.5794pt" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 34.7262 12.5794" width="34.7262pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M529 97L508 118C475 75 449 58 438 58C428 58 421 66 415 104C393 234 374 403 364 496C345 670 307 712 254 712C220 712 174 691 153 669L161 645C176 653 194 658 206 658C237 658 261 640 278 562C287 522 290 483 293 434C223 269 110 105 23 9L32 -12C59 -6 85 0 108 7C152 64 251 252 300 366C307 297 315 221 337 82C346 24 363 -12 393 -12C425 -12 475 13 529 97Z" id="g113-233"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.761,3.132)"><path d="M538 684C542 703 539 710 529 710C512 710 455 682 363 674L361 644H396C444 644 448 642 438 594L405 438C373 450 347 451 336 451C288 451 200 416 147 374C69 312 24 207 24 113C24 29 60 -12 94 -12C126 -12 156 4 196 30C231 53 296 100 346 166H348L328 81C311 10 325 -12 348 -12C380 -12 450 24 512 98L495 125C466 97 431 70 417 70C408 70 408 80 411 98L538 684ZM390 373L361 240C336 196 210 56 145 56C132 56 113 73 113 131C113 216 156 338 220 379C243 394 266 402 303 402C331 402 375 388 390 373Z" id="g50-101"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.043,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.306,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 34.7262ptpx;"><svg height="12.5794pt" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 34.7262 12.5794" width="34.7262pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M529 97L508 118C475 75 449 58 438 58C428 58 421 66 415 104C393 234 374 403 364 496C345 670 307 712 254 712C220 712 174 691 153 669L161 645C176 653 194 658 206 658C237 658 261 640 278 562C287 522 290 483 293 434C223 269 110 105 23 9L32 -12C59 -6 85 0 108 7C152 64 251 252 300 366C307 297 315 221 337 82C346 24 363 -12 393 -12C425 -12 475 13 529 97Z" id="g113-233"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.761,3.132)"><path d="M538 684C542 703 539 710 529 710C512 710 455 682 363 674L361 644H396C444 644 448 642 438 594L405 438C373 450 347 451 336 451C288 451 200 416 147 374C69 312 24 207 24 113C24 29 60 -12 94 -12C126 -12 156 4 196 30C231 53 296 100 346 166H348L328 81C311 10 325 -12 348 -12C380 -12 450 24 512 98L495 125C466 97 431 70 417 70C408 70 408 80 411 98L538 684ZM390 373L361 240C336 196 210 56 145 56C132 56 113 73 113 131C113 216 156 338 220 379C243 394 266 402 303 402C331 402 375 388 390 373Z" id="g50-101"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.043,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.306,0)"><path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z" id="g113-51"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center"><span style="width: 34.7262ptpx;"><svg height="12.5794pt" id="M37" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 34.7262 12.5794" width="34.7262pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M529 97L508 118C475 75 449 58 438 58C428 58 421 66 415 104C393 234 374 403 364 496C345 670 307 712 254 712C220 712 174 691 153 669L161 645C176 653 194 658 206 658C237 658 261 640 278 562C287 522 290 483 293 434C223 269 110 105 23 9L32 -12C59 -6 85 0 108 7C152 64 251 252 300 366C307 297 315 221 337 82C346 24 363 -12 393 -12C425 -12 475 13 529 97Z" id="g113-233"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.761,3.132)"><path d="M538 684C542 703 539 710 529 710C512 710 455 682 363 674L361 644H396C444 644 448 642 438 594L405 438C373 450 347 451 336 451C288 451 200 416 147 374C69 312 24 207 24 113C24 29 60 -12 94 -12C126 -12 156 4 196 30C231 53 296 100 346 166H348L328 81C311 10 325 -12 348 -12C380 -12 450 24 512 98L495 125C466 97 431 70 417 70C408 70 408 80 411 98L538 684ZM390 373L361 240C336 196 210 56 145 56C132 56 113 73 113 131C113 216 156 338 220 379C243 394 266 402 303 402C331 402 375 388 390 373Z" id="g50-101"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,17.043,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.306,0)"><path d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z" id="g113-53"></path></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"><span style="width: 34.6166ptpx;"><svg height="12.5794pt" id="M38" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 34.6166 12.5794" width="34.6166pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M529 97L508 118C475 75 449 58 438 58C428 58 421 66 415 104C393 234 374 403 364 496C345 670 307 712 254 712C220 712 174 691 153 669L161 645C176 653 194 658 206 658C237 658 261 640 278 562C287 522 290 483 293 434C223 269 110 105 23 9L32 -12C59 -6 85 0 108 7C152 64 251 252 300 366C307 297 315 221 337 82C346 24 363 -12 393 -12C425 -12 475 13 529 97Z" id="g113-233"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.761,3.132)"><path d="M528 97L513 125C484 95 440 68 431 68C425 68 421 76 427 107C449 227 476 342 505 451H495L418 424L385 278C338 191 220 62 157 62C145 62 133 76 145 130L200 368C215 434 210 451 183 451C157 451 92 418 24 352L37 324C78 356 106 377 115 377C123 377 122 364 116 340L64 115C58 89 56 68 56 52C56 2 78 -12 103 -12C127 -12 159 -4 190 18C247 59 309 113 366 187H368L351 108C328 1 348 -12 368 -12C403 -12 472 33 528 97Z" id="g50-118"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.933,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.196,0)"><path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z" id="g113-51"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center">98.64%</td><td class="align_center">98.27%</td><td class="align_center">97.72%</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left"><span style="width: 34.6166ptpx;"><svg height="12.5794pt" id="M39" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 34.6166 12.5794" width="34.6166pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M529 97L508 118C475 75 449 58 438 58C428 58 421 66 415 104C393 234 374 403 364 496C345 670 307 712 254 712C220 712 174 691 153 669L161 645C176 653 194 658 206 658C237 658 261 640 278 562C287 522 290 483 293 434C223 269 110 105 23 9L32 -12C59 -6 85 0 108 7C152 64 251 252 300 366C307 297 315 221 337 82C346 24 363 -12 393 -12C425 -12 475 13 529 97Z" id="g113-233"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.761,3.132)"><path d="M528 97L513 125C484 95 440 68 431 68C425 68 421 76 427 107C449 227 476 342 505 451H495L418 424L385 278C338 191 220 62 157 62C145 62 133 76 145 130L200 368C215 434 210 451 183 451C157 451 92 418 24 352L37 324C78 356 106 377 115 377C123 377 122 364 116 340L64 115C58 89 56 68 56 52C56 2 78 -12 103 -12C127 -12 159 -4 190 18C247 59 309 113 366 187H368L351 108C328 1 348 -12 368 -12C403 -12 472 33 528 97Z" id="g50-118"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.933,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z" id="g117-34"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.196,0)"><path d="M249 635C141 635 70 555 70 471C70 401 114 353 179 316C143 294 106 267 90 252C68 231 45 202 45 157C45 50 130 -12 237 -12C322 -12 435 52 435 169C435 256 372 304 303 343C349 374 375 398 383 407C401 429 411 458 411 487C411 569 344 635 249 635ZM238 603C285 603 337 567 337 482C337 422 310 385 276 358C205 393 145 426 145 500C145 552 179 603 238 603ZM248 20C183 20 125 70 125 163C125 218 158 268 206 300C284 261 355 217 355 143C355 66 308 20 248 20Z" id="g113-57"></path></g></svg></span></td><td class="align_center">96.74%</td><td class="align_center">96.03%</td><td class="align_center">95.10%</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="4"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Packet delivery ratio of uplink traffic at various uplink and downlink offered loads.</div>

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

tab3

Table 3

Table 3: TRILO: A Traffic Indication-Based Downlink Communication Protocol for LoRaWAN 