A new wave number model is proposed using the Peplinski principle + multiple scattering in soil medium. The path loss is modeled based on the absorption due to permittivity and multiple scattering from obstacles in soil. The path loss is then analyzed at two typical IoT frequencies of 433 MHz and 868 MHz for two proportions of VWC, 5% and 50%.
An IoUT architecture has been proposed to provide a total field autonomy in agriculture and to enable more efficient food production solutions through in situ monitoring, self-reporting capabilities (soil moisture, salinity, temperature, etc.), and the interconnection of existing field machinery like irrigation systems, harvesters, and seeders.
To prolong the lives of energy-hungry sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks, energy management schemes are proposed to keep the sensor nodes alive. This is to make the network operational and efficient. These energy management schemes include energy harvesting, energy transfer, and energy conservation.
WUSNs are used to characterize radio transmission between underground buried pipes and a base station using multilayer media. This is to identify the range of operating frequencies having lower energy loss, lower bit error rate, and power needed to transfer packets that carry data through the media.
The complex refractive index model-Fresnel (CRIM-Fresnel) and the modified Fruis considered the two EM signal attenuation models for evaluating the signal strength in soil medium were reviewed, and a technique was developed to perform an experimental measurement of EM signal attenuation in the laboratory. Measured results are compared with the estimated values computed from the propagation loss models. A significant difference between the models and estimated values is established from the comparison.
