A WUSN path loss model for precision agriculture called WUSN-PLM is proposed. The proposed model is based on an accurate prediction of the complex dielectric constant (CDC).
A new wave number model is proposed using the combination of the Peplinski principle and multiple scattering in a soil medium. The new wave number is used in the computation of the path loss.
Analytical survey of the current and potential application of the Internet of Things in arable farming, state-of-the-art technologies deployed, challenges of mobile devices in spatial data collection, highly varying environments, and task diversity, compared to other agricultural systems.
Internet of Underground Things (IoUT) application in precision agriculture, envisaged to provide total field autonomy and enable more efficient food production solutions through not only in situ monitoring and self-reporting capabilities but also the interconnection of existing field machinery like irrigation systems, harvesters, and seeders.
A two-stage model is proposed based on the field characteristics of an antenna and considers four sources of path loss. The two-stage model has a different coefficient, which depends on the soil types in the near-field and far-field regions.
Path loss is modeled based on absorption and multiple scattering from obstacles in soil. The path loss is then analyzed against distance at two typical IoT frequencies of 433 MHz and 868 MHz. We also showed the effect of VWC on the path loss for two proportions, 5% and 50%.
