Rotated Black Hole: A New Heuristic Optimization for Reducing Localization Error of WSN in 3D Terrain

Table 2

Localization error of WSN with different numbers of nodes in 3D terrain.

Algorithm	Node number
	200	250	300	350	400	450	500
DV-Hop	27.12 m	53.94 m	44.20 m	27.12 m	29.22 m	24.63 m	28.53 m
GA	7.29 m	6.94 m	8.00 m	7.27 m	7.01 m	7.33 m	7.99 m
WOA	6.14 m	5.35 m	6.33 m	5.19 m	5.43 m	5.68 m	6.15 m
BH	6.17 m	5.45 m	6.26 m	5.01 m	5.45 m	5.85 m	5.90 m
RBH	5.94 m	5.23 m	6.22 m	5.00 m	5.30 m	5.59 m	5.90 m
PSO	7.88 m	8.34 m	7.74 m	7.01 m	6.99 m	7.01 m	7.62 m
ABC	16.47 m	17.86 m	16.15 m	23.14 m	26.67 m	24.73 m	24.83 m
MSA	10.88 m	10.63 m	10.15 m	9.69 m	10.02 m	10.23 m	9.88 m