Rotated Black Hole: A New Heuristic Optimization for Reducing Localization Error of WSN in 3D Terrain

Table 4

Localization error of WSN with different communication radii in 3D terrain.

Algorithm	Communication radius
	14 m	18 m	22 m	26 m	30 m	34 m	38 m
DV-hop	59.32 m	49.05 m	50.04 m	67.02 m	74.02 m	83.01 m	83.06 m
GA	7.10 m	8.05 m	7.72 m	8.88 m	10.31 m	11.40 m	13.14 m
WOA	6.15 m	6.47 m	6.64 m	7.77 m	9.16 m	10.86 m	12.25 m
BH	6.05 m	6.40 m	6.64 m	7.74 m	9.31 m	10.72 m	12.21 m
RBH	6.04 m	6.24 m	6.42 m	7.68 m	9.20 m	10.65 m	12.04 m
PSO	7.85 m	8.48 m	8.05 m	8.68 m	10.44 m	11.48 m	12.97 m
ABC	16.23 m	16.55 m	19.91 m	23.07 m	23.80 m	25.78 m	27.99 m
MSA	10.40 m	10.88 m	10.58 m	11.50 m	13.29 m	13.13 m	15.13 m