Cluster-Based Routing Schema Using Harris Hawks Optimization in the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Table 1

Compression of the routing schema for vehicular ad hoc network literature.

References	Architecture	Advantages	Disadvantages
[19]	V2V	Throughput and PDR are improved	Increases the overhead of network
[20]	V2V	Improves the PDR and throughput	High latency
[21]	V2V	Improved energy efficiency, throughput, and end-to-end latency	High overhead and less scalable
[22]	V2V	Improves the stability and robustness	High overhead
[23]	V2V	Improves the network sustainability	High overhead and high end-to-end delay
[24]	V2V	Improves the QoS parameters	High overhead and less scalable
[25]	V2V	Improves network overhead	Less scalable
[24]	V2V	Improves stability and scalability	Not suitable for urban environments; loop occurs in routing process
[25]	V2V	Improves the average end-to-end delay	High network overhead
[28]	V2V	Less routing overhead	High time complexity
[29]	V2V	Less overhead, high PDR	Not scalable
[30]	V2V	Low average end-to-end delay, high PDR	High overhead
[3]	V2V	Low overhead, high PDR, less end-to-end delay	Not scalable