Abstract
The purpose is to comprehensively evaluate the health status of the water resources of the Futuan River in Rizhao City. According to the natural and social service functions of the river, combined with the actual situation of the water resources of the Futuan River, an indicator system of comprehensive river health evaluation is constructed. Firstly, the application of 5G technology in ecological environment detection is introduced. Secondly, an indicator system for river health assessment is constructed from five aspects: hydrology and water resources, water quality, aquatic organisms, physical structure, and social service function. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) is used to determine the membership degrees of the indicators to different health levels, and the comprehensive health value of the river is comprehensively determined. Finally, the groundwater quality of Futuan River is estimated, the balance of water supply and demand is analyzed, and the health of Futuan River in Rizhao City is evaluated. The results show that the total hardness of groundwater in Futuan River ranges from 30.26 to 5065.24 mg/L, and the average value is 370.02 mg/L. The pH range is 6-7.5 with an average of 6.9, and the TDS range is 90.13-26609.24 mg/L with an average of 831.32 mg/L. The Futuan River has a score of 0.67 for river health, which is in a critical state. The overall scores of hydrology, water quality, and aquatic organisms are 0.64, 0.77, and 0.63, respectively. The health level of these three is also in a critical state. The physical structure has a score of 0.51, and its health rating is in poor condition. The score of social service function is 0.64, and its health level is in the subhealth state. This research provides an idea for the management and restoration of the Futuan River in Rizhao City.
1. Introduction
Rivers are the main carrier of human survival and development and play an irreplaceable role in the progress of human civilization and economic development. However, with the continuous acceleration of the global industrialization process, the plundering and utilization of river resources by human beings face a huge threat to the health of rivers [1]. Human activities have disturbed the flow of rivers around the world, causing ecological and environmental problems of varying degrees, such as water quality deterioration, changes in hydrological conditions, invasion of alien species, and degradation of aquatic biological communities [2–4]. The emergence and development of 5G wireless communication technology can provide efficiency and convenience for the transmission of information and data. For pollution sources or on-site video data of automatic stations, aerial images collected by drones and unmanned ships for emergency monitoring can be stored locally. Using edge processing technology, a deep learning (DL) model is used to identify pollution events, and 5G technology is used to return the detection data, thereby realizing real-time monitoring of pollution. Therefore, it is significant for river health assessment as it can provide policy makers with information critical for river governance and urban ecosystem protection.
Zhang, et al. [5] constructed an indicator system for urban river health assessment based on a pressure-state-response framework and established an urban river health assessment using an improved fuzzy matter-element extension evaluation model. Finally, the health status of the Jialu River in Zhengzhou, China from 2008 to 2017 was assessed using the urban river health assessment. The results showed that the health status of Jialu River improved from an unhealthy state in 2008 to a subhealthy state in 2017. From 2008 to 2017, the stress, state, and response subsystems moved toward a healthier state due to a series of actions by local governments. However, the overall health of the Jialu River remains relatively low. The Jialu River is also facing some pressure, such as a large amount of chemical oxygen demand discharge and sewage discharge. Xue et al. [6] established an indicator system for river health assessment in response to the practical needs of sustainable development of counties and refined management of small- and medium-sized watersheds. The indicator system considers the United Nations’ sustainable development goals and the vulnerability characteristics of small and medium-sized watershed ecosystems, and includes 15 indicators in four areas: clean water, sanitation, biodiversity status, and biodiversity threats. a dynamic combined weighting technique composed of subjective weighting method and objective weighting method is constructed by using the principle of minimum discriminant information. A comprehensive evaluation technology system of river health is constructed by using fuzzy matter-element analysis theory. Taking Baoxing County as the study area, the results manifest that (1) the key indicators are fish biodiversity index, water use intensity, the retention rate of endemic species and chemical oxygen demand emission. (2) The Euclidean closeness of Baoxing County indicates that the entire river is in a moderately healthy state. In the future, cities and towns must take targeted measures to coordinate the relationship between the ecological environment and social and economic development and give top priority to improvement and release. Li et al. [7] collected and analyzed 25 groundwater samples in the lower reaches of Beiluo River. Overall groundwater quality was assessed using the entropy-weighted water quality index and the US Salinity Laboratory map. Noncarcinogenic human health risks from fluoride via oral and dermal routes were also assessed. Then, based on GIS technology, the influence of driving factors on groundwater quality was qualitatively discussed, and the influence degree of each factor on groundwater quality was calculated by geodesic instrument. The results illustrated that the chemical types of groundwater in the lower reaches of Beiluo River were dominated by SO4·Cl-Na type, followed by HCO3-Na type, HCO3-Ca·Mg type, and SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg type. Groundwater quality ranges from good to very poor, indicating that groundwater in some areas is unfit for drinking. In addition, groundwater in parts of this area is not suitable for direct irrigation because high salinity may lead to soil salinization.
Through the review of the above literature, it denotes that most of the researches are based on the structure and function of the river itself, such as aquatic organisms and water quality, to construct the indicator system of river health assessment but do not consider the social service function of the river. The most fundamental role of river health assessment is to provide services for human social and economic development, and the social service function can reflect river health to a certain extent. This is also the innovation. Human activities have disturbed the flow of the Futuan River in Rizhao City, causing ecological and environmental problems to varying degrees. Therefore, it is very important for river health assessment. Based on the in-depth analysis of the actual problems of the Futuan River Basin in Rizhao City, an indicator system for river health assessment is established, with a total of 19 indicators in 5 criterion layers, and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) is used to comprehensively determine the river health value, the health status of different indicators of the Futuan River in Rizhao City is analyzed, and relevant suggestions are put forward. An indicator system for river health assessment is constructed from five aspects: hydrology and water resources, water quality, aquatic organisms, physical structure, and social service function, to provide an idea for the management and restoration of the Futuan River in Rizhao City. The main structure is as follows: firstly, the application of 5G technology in ecological environment detection is introduced. Secondly, an indicator system for river health assessment is constructed from five aspects: hydrology and water resources, water quality, aquatic organisms, physical structure, and social service function. The FAHP is used to determine the membership degrees of the indicators to different health levels, and the comprehensive health value of the river is comprehensively determined. Finally, the groundwater quality of Futuan River is estimated, the balance of water supply and demand is analyzed, and the health of Futuan River in Rizhao City is evaluated.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. 5G Wireless Communication
At present, the existing ecological environment monitoring network is still difficult to meet the needs of the 5G new infrastructure, and the main problems are shown in Figure 1. Specifically, first, the instruments and equipment are relatively backward and the use efficiency is low, and the instruments equipped by most grass-roots monitoring stations can only carry out limited monitoring of conventional pollution factors. Second, the data sharing and information forecasting capabilities are generally weak, and it is difficult to master the pollutant discharge status of the pollutant discharging unit cannot achieve precise control on the phenomenon of excessive discharge and stealing discharge. Third, the data integration and application is not high, and it is difficult to provide scientific support for management decision-making through correlation analysis of environmental quality, pollution source supervision, and other data. Fourth, the technical means are single, the degree of intelligence is not high, and there is a lack of comprehensive means of real-time acquisition, sharing, aggregation, fusion, mining, and analysis of data.
The characteristics of 5G are fast transmission speed and small delay. 5G combined with advanced information technology can realize real-time monitoring and management of the environment [8]. In ecological environment detection, according to the different types and needs of ecological environment detection business data, some data such as automatic station detection data can be collected, quickly transmitted, and processed with the help of 5G technology. For pollution sources or on-site video data of automatic stations, aerial images collected by drones and unmanned ships for emergency monitoring can be stored locally. The adoption of edge processing technology and deep learning model is used to identify pollution events, and 5G technology is used to return detection data, thereby realizing real-time monitoring of pollution [9].
The combination of 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and big data technologies, on the one hand, can carry out real-time interaction of information and transmit detection data, and on the other hand share data to assist joint prevention and control [10]. Remote sensing satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), unmanned ships, and various environmental detection instruments have gradually become intelligent, and the “integration of heaven and earth” ecological environment detection system based on 5G technology has also begun to be gradually built nationwide. For example, UAV can quickly inspect the environmental detection data in the entire detection area and can collect data in areas that are difficult for personnel to reach. Besides, there is also research on 6G technology. Lv and Kumar [11] analyzed the software-defined dual-channel architecture of wireless sensors in 6G/IoE and proposed a reasonable solution to reduce signal interference, to better transmit the relevant signal.
2.2. An Overview of the Area
Rizhao City is located in the southern part of Shandong Peninsula, between E118°35-119°39 and N35°04-36°02. The width of the east-west is about 90 kilometers, the distance of the north-south is about 82 kilometers, and the total area is 5,310 square kilometers. It is located in the middle of the coastline of mainland China, facing Japan and South Korea across the sea to the east, Linyi to the west, Lianyungang, Jiangsu to the south, and Qingdao to the north.
The Futuan River originates from Dama’an Mountain, about 2 km northwest of Luozi, Hanjiawo, in Wulian County, and its elevation is +417.8 m. The main river is about 51.5 km long, and the drainage area is 1066.4 km2. The Rizhao Reservoir in the middle and upper reaches of the Futuan River has a total storage capacity of 370 million m3. There are two other tributaries in the upper reaches of the reservoir, namely, the Sanzhuang River and the Quanyuan River, which flow into the Rizhao Reservoir. There are four large tributaries in the lower reaches of the reservoir. The north side from west to east is Nanhu River, Pengjia River, and Gu River, all of which flow from north to south. Among them, Maling Reservoir is built in the upper reaches of Pengjia River, with a total storage capacity of 47.7 million m3. On the south side, there is Daqu River, which flows from west to east. The lower reaches of the Futuan River flows through Hou Village, Kuishan and other towns and enters the sea in the southeast of Jiacang Village in the lower reaches. The Futuan River is the largest river in the coastal zone of Rizhao City. The upper reaches are mainly used for agricultural irrigation and domestic water. There are Rizhao Reservoir and Maling Reservoir in the middle and lower reaches, which provide water resources for large areas of farmland in the lower reaches and large industrial projects in the eastern coastal area. There are Ezhuang water source, Quhekou water source, Dingjialou water source, and Hetao water source. The Hetao water source (not used temporarily) is the main drinking water source in Rizhao City [12]. At present, relevant data reveals that the Futuan River has 31.3 million m3/a of exploitable resources, while the actual exploitable resources are 11.72 million m3/a.
The main water supply source in Rizhao City is the water source in the middle and lower reaches of the Futuan River. The current exploited water is 90,000 m3/d, while the average groundwater exploitable in this area is 70,000 m3/d. Therefore, during the dry season, it is necessary to pass discharge water from Rizhao Reservoir or Maling Reservoir to solve the problem of water shortage. Moreover, there are many mariculture greenhouses in the lower reaches of the Futuan River basin. They continuously extract water from the ground, and the unreasonable exploitation of the riverbed sand layer has caused large-scale seawater intrusion and polluted the downstream freshwater resources. The extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers in the middle and upper reaches, and the unqualified discharge of industrial wastewater and urban domestic sewage will all cause pollution to groundwater [13]. The deterioration of the environmental conditions of groundwater geology in the Futuan River basin will further aggravate the shortage of water resources in Rizhao City.
2.3. Construction of Indicators for River Health Assessment
(1)Hydrology and water resources indicators: the most vital factor in the river system is water, and the performance of river functions will be directly affected by hydrology [14, 15]. It is necessary to incorporate the indicators reflecting the hydrological characteristics of the river into the indicator system of health assessment. Therefore, the three selected indicators reflecting the hydrological characteristics of the river are hydrological consistency, guaranteed rate of ecological water demand, and hydrological vertical connectivity(2)Water quality indicators: the river ecosystem is constantly circulating and exchanging substances during its operation, and the water carries a large number of alien species. However, due to the unreasonable discharge of substances by humans, many pollutants appear in the water. When pollutants exceed the water’s self-purification capacity, it can cause changes in water color and odor. Especially when the organic pollutants and ammonia nitrogen exceed the standard, the water will be eutrophicated, resulting in the death of organisms and the destruction of the population structure [16–18]. Therefore, the selected indicators for evaluating water quality are ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), dissolved oxygen, and chemical oxygen demand(3)Aquatic indicators: aquatic organisms are one of the most active components of the river ecosystem. They obtain substances and energy from the water. When the water quality of the river changes or the habitat environment changes, the aquatic organisms will respond immediately. However, when the population structure and number of aquatic organisms themselves change, it will affect the health of the river. According to the biological composition of the river, the representative phytoplankton is selected as the health evaluation index of the middle and lower reaches of the river, the zooplankton is selected as the activity and consumption representative of the upper layer of the water body, the benthic organism is selected to reflect the situation of the bottom of the water body, and the fish is taken as the highest level organism in river ecosystem [19]. Therefore, the selected indicators of aquatic life are phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic organisms, and fish(4)Physical structure indicators: the indicators of river physical structure are mainly composed of two aspects: river morphology and riparian zone. Among them, the river’s morphological structure provides living space for aquatic organisms. The riparian zone, as the interface between water and land, plays a crucial role in the exchange of materials, energy, and information in the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. However, human activities will have a serious impact on the riparian zone [20, 21], and the health of the river will be seriously affected by the riparian zone. Therefore, the selected indicators of the physical structure are the degree of river curvature, the stability of the riverbed, the coverage of riverbank vegetation, the width of the riverbank buffer zone, and the form of riverbank slope protection(5)Social service function indicators: since birth, human beings have lived along rivers, and rivers have provided important resources for social development and civilization progress. With the continuous progress of human beings, the role of rivers in the development of human society has also become diversified. Among them, the social service function of the river is also an important index to evaluate the health of the river, and it is a means to achieve the sustainable development of human society and the balance of the river’s own health [22]. Therefore, the selected social service function indicators are the development and utilization rate of water resources, water supply guaranteed rate, per capita water consumption, and water consumption per 10,000 GDP
2.4. Standards of River Health Assessment and Normalization of Indicators
2.4.1. Standards of River Health Assessment
The concept of river health is relatively abstract, and different scholars have different definitions of river health, which makes it difficult to quantitatively evaluate the health level of rivers. Referring to the existing experience of scholars and based on the characteristics of the Futuan River basin in Rizhao City, the river status of the Futuan River is divided into five grades, namely, healthy, subhealthy, critical, diseased, and bad. The specific standards are shown in Figure 2.
2.4.2. Calculation and Normalization of River Health Assessment
The water quality indicators of the Futuan River are determined according to the standard restrictions in the “Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB3838-2002)” issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine.
The calculation of aquatic biological indicators adopts the qualitative and quantitative survey data of benthic and phytoplankton qualitative and quantitative survey data and the qualitative and quantitative survey data of phytoplankton of the Ecology Center of the Southern Academy of Sciences, according to the species and quantity of benthic and phytoplankton taxa. The Shannon-Wiener index is used to calculate the diversity of benthic and phytoplankton, as shown in where represents the number of the th taxon at the site, and stands for the total number of samples.
Considering that the physical structure of the river is relatively complex, it is difficult to quantitatively calculate it. Therefore, referring to the evaluation methods of AUSRIVAS in Australia and River Health Plan (RHP) in South Africa, the natural state of the river is used as the basis. According to the on-site photos and Google Earth data, the scores are manually scored to determine the health level of different indicators of each river reach.
According to social and economic statistical yearbook and water resources yearbook in the Rizhao City, social and economic indicators are statistically analyzed. The development and utilization rate of water resources is the ratio of the development and utilization rate of water resources to the total amount of water resources. The per capita water consumption is the ratio of the total regional water consumption to the total population of the region. The water consumption per 10,000 GDP is the ratio of the total regional water consumption to the total regional GDP. The ratio of surface water supply is the ratio of surface water supply to total urban water consumption.
To analyze the indicators qualitatively and quantitatively, the range standardization is used to standardize the calculation results of the indicators. The processed data interval is , and the calculation is as shown in where refers to the data value after normalization. and represent the maximum and minimum values of the data without normalization, respectively.
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, total hardness, potential of hydrogen (pH), and total dissolved solid (TDS) indicators are selected to analyze the overall characteristics of water quality. The total hardness is the total amount of Ca and Mg in water, which includes temporary hardness and permanent hardness. The part of Ca and Mg in the water in the form of acid carbonate is removed by the formation of carbonate precipitation when heated, which is called temporary hardness. The part that exists in the form of sulfate, nitrate, and chloride is called permanent hardness because its properties are relatively stable and cannot be removed by heating. TDS indicates how many milligrams of dissolved solids are dissolved in 1 liter of water. The higher the TDS value, the more dissolved matter the water contains. Total dissolved solids refer to the total amount of all solutes in water, including both inorganic and organic content.
2.5. The Model of River Health Assessment
2.5.1. The Model of Construction in a Health Assessment Hierarchy
On the basis of in-depth analysis of the actual problems in the Futuan River Basin in Rizhao City, the indicator system of health assessment of the Futuan River in Rizhao City is initially established. The factors related to the river are divided into the target layer, the criterion layer, and the index layer from the top to the bottom according to the attribute through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). A set of factors affecting river health is determined by a subfactor set, and a hierarchical structure model of river health assessment is established. The target layer is river health, and there are 5 criteria for it, namely, where is the hydrological status of the river, is the water quality status of the river, is the physical structure of the river, is the water biological status of the river, and is the social service function.
For any , there are indicators, and the number of indicators under each criterion layer is not necessarily the same. The th indicator under the th criterion layer can be represented by , as shown in
The hierarchy of river health assessment is shown in Figure 3.
2.5.2. The Construction of Judgment Matrix
The critical of each indicator is determined by comparing any two indicators in the indicator layer under the same criterion layer. The scaling method adopts the importance degree 1-9 scale table, and its specific meaning is shown in Figure 4. Considering that the criterion layer stands for attributes of different aspects of the river, these attributes are equally significant to the health of the river. Therefore, the same importance value is assigned to each index of the criterion layer.
A discriminant matrix is constructed for the comparison results of the importance degrees of subordinate indicators of each criterion layer to , as shown in Equation (6). For any element in the matrix, , , and are satisfied.
The normalized eigenvector of the largest eigenvalue of the discriminant matrix is shown in where reveal indicators . It corresponds to the ranking of the importance of layer .
To check whether the discriminant matrix is consistent, it is necessary to check the consistency. The C.R. index is used to judge the consistency. The calculation of C.R. is shown in where R.I. expresses the average random consistency index and is the largest eigenvalue of the discriminant matrix. If , it is considered that the consistency of the discriminant matrix is relatively good. If the condition is not met, the matrix needs to be readjusted to make the discriminant matrix meet the consistency [23, 24].
The weight of each index is obtained through judgment as shown in Table 1.
2.5.3. Establishment of Fuzzy Relationship Matrix
The set of river health levels is set to , which can be shown in where means healthy, refers to subhealth, stands for critical, represents disease, and indicates bad. According to the membership function , the evaluation index is calculated, which is the degree of membership relative to the fitness level. The first-level fuzzy relationship matrix for constructing -type indicators is shown in
The first-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is performed on the indicators. The first-level fuzzy evaluation set is determined, as shown in
represents the matrix synthesis operator. The second-level fuzzy relation matrix is constructed according to the first-level fuzzy evaluation set .
The second-level fuzzy evaluation set is shown in
Based on the principle of maximum membership degree, the health level corresponding to the maximum membership degree in is taken as the health evaluation result of Futuan River in Rizhao City.
2.5.4. Qualitative Index Fuzzification
Five grades of river health are assigned corresponding scores, where 1 is healthy, 0.8 is subhealth, 0.6 is critical, 0.4 is ill, and 0.2 is bad. However, it is difficult to judge the intermediate value by this jumping grading method, so these qualitative indicators are fuzzified.
When , the membership degree of to level can be expressed as
The membership degree of level is shown in where indicates the degree of membership, and is the score of the th level.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Groundwater Quality Assessment
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, total hardness, potential of hydrogen (pH), and total dissolved solid (TDS) indicators are selected. The data after analyzing the water quality characteristics are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 illustrates that the total hardness range of groundwater in Futuan River is 30.26-5065.24 mg/L with an average is 370.02 mg/L. The pH range is 6-7.5 with an average of 6.9, and the TDS range is 90.13-26609.24 mg/L with an average of 831.32 mg/L. The water samples with high total hardness and TDS values are mainly distributed near the mouth of the Futuan River, where there is a certain degree of seawater intrusion, so the TDS concentration of groundwater samples is relatively high.
3.2. Analysis of the Current Situation of Water Supply and Demand Balance
Under the conditions of 50%, 75%, and 95% of the guaranteed rate, the current water supply and demand situation in Rizhao is analyzed, and the results are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 demonstrates that the water shortage rate in the current Rizhao area is 7.2% under the guaranteed rate of 50%. Under the guaranteed rate of 75%, the water shortage rate is 21.5%. Under the guaranteed rate of 95%, the water shortage rate is 31.5%. It indicates that under the current water conservancy project conditions in Rizhao City, there are water shortages in different years such as flat water, dry water, and extremely dry water in Rizhao City.
3.3. Analysis and Planning of Water Supply and Demand Balance
According to the “Research Report on Water Resources Impact of Rizhao Iron and Steel Fine Plant Project of Shandong Iron and Steel Group” and “Outdoor Water Supply Design Standards,” the water demand forecast and analysis will be carried out with 2025 as the planning level year. When the guaranteed rate is 50%, 75%, and 95%, the planned water demand of Rizhao City in 2025 is shown in Figure 6. By 2025, the overall water demand of society will increase slowly, and the degree of increase in water demand in different fields such as living, ecology, and construction will vary. However, the water demand in agriculture will continue to fluctuate with fluctuations.
The water supply assessment in the Rizhao area includes the assessment of groundwater, surface water supply, and the use of unconventional water sources. According to the research data of “Feasibility Study Report on Industrial Water Supply Pipeline Project along Futuan River-Xiamen Road in Rizhao City (Revised Draft),” the specific results of water supply planning by Rizhao City in 2025 are shown in Figure 7. When the guaranteed rate is 50%, the water supply is 617.19 million m3, when the guaranteed rate is 75%, the water supply is 553.52 million m3, and when the guaranteed rate is 95%, the water supply is 493.74 million m3.
Figure 8 shows the balance between supply and demand of water resources planned by Rizhao City in 2025 under different guaranteed rates. It can be seen from the figure that when the guaranteed rate is 50%, the remaining water is 2.56 million m3. In the case of the guaranteed rate of 75%, the water shortage is 102.62 million m3, and the water shortage rate is 15.6%. With a guaranteed rate of 95%, the water shortage is 162.4 million m3, and the water shortage rate is 24.8%.
3.4. Analysis of the Results of River Health Assessment in Futuan River
The standard for surface water quality assessment is shown in Figure 9, and the results of the Futuan River health assessment are shown in Figure 10.
(a)
(b)
Figure 9 demonstrates that the standard of ammonia nitrogen is 0.15 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/L from healthy to bad. The standard for dissolved oxygen is 7.5 mg/L, 6 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 3 mg/L, and 2 mg/L from healthy to severe. The standard of chemical oxygen demand is 2 mg/L, 4 mg/L, 6 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 15 mg/L from healthy to bad.
Figure 10(a) indicates that the score of hydrological vertical connectivity () in the hydrological indicators of Futuan River is 0.43, which is the largest influencing factor of the hydrological indicators of Futuan River. In the water quality indicators, the scores of chemical oxygen demand () and ammonia nitrogen () are 0.7 and 0.74, respectively, which are the main influencing factors of the water quality indicators of the Futuan River. In the physical form indicators, the scores of riverbed stability (), channel curvature (), riparian slope protection form (), riparian buffer width (), and riparian vegetation coverage () are 0.73, 0.43, 0.53, 0.47, and 0.39, respectively. Among the aquatic biological indicators, the main influencing factors are benthic () and zooplankton (), with scores of 0.47 and 0.52, respectively. Among the social service function indicators, the main factors affecting the indicators are the degree of water resources development and utilization () and the proportion of surface water supply (), with scores of 0.47 and 0.57, respectively.
Figure 10(b) shows that the Futuan River has a health score of 0.67, which is in a critical state. The overall scores of hydrology (), water quality (), and aquatic organisms () are 0.64, 0.77, and 0.63, respectively. The health level of these three is in a critical state. The score of physical structure () is 0.51, and its health level is in a bad state. The score of social service function () is 0.64, and its health level is in a subhealth state.
Rivers are an organic whole, and problems in any part can cause damage to the health of the entire river system. To reduce the negative impact of human activities on river health, the river health of Futuan River should not only consider pollution control and water ecological restoration but also pay attention to the health of the overall structure and function of the river. In the Futuan River Basin, joint water quality-water-quantity-water ecology regulation should be carried out. Meanwhile, some nonengineering measures should be taken, such as raising public awareness of water conservation and environmental protection, improving residents’ compatibility with water and landscape, establishing and maintaining river health, and utilizing water resources rationally, efficiently and with high quality.
4. Conclusion
Human activities interfere with the flow of rivers and cause ecological and environmental problems to varying degrees. The development of river health assessment has become a necessary condition for river health maintenance and river ecosystem restoration. Based on the in-depth analysis of the actual problems of the Futuan River Basin in Rizhao City, an indicator system for river health assessment is established. And the FAHP is used to comprehensively determine the river health value, the health status of different indicators of the Futuan River in Rizhao City is analyzed, and relevant suggestions are proposed. The research results demonstrate that the score of hydrological vertical connectivity in the hydrological indicator of the Futuan River is 0.43, which is the biggest influencing factor of the hydrological indicator of the Futuan River. In the water quality indicators, the scores of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen are 0.7 and 0.74, respectively, which are the main influencing factors of the water quality indicators of the Futuan River. In the physical form indicators, the scores of riverbed stability, channel curvature, bank slope protection form, river bank buffer width, and river bank vegetation coverage are 0.73, 0.43, 0.53, 0.47, and 0.39, respectively. Among the aquatic biological indicators, the main factors affecting the aquatic biological indicators are benthic and zooplankton, with scores of 0.47 and 0.52, respectively. Among the social service function indicators, the main influencing indicators affecting the health of social service function are the degree of water resources development and utilization and the proportion of surface water supply, with scores of 0.47 and 0.57, respectively. The Futuan River’s health score is 0.67, which is in a critical state. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out joint water quality-water-quantity-water ecology dispatching in the Futuan River Basin. Simultaneously, some nonengineering measures should be taken to utilize water resources reasonably, efficiently, and with high quality. It provides an idea for the management and restoration of the Futuan River in Rizhao City. The disadvantage is that it is affected by the complexity and diversity of the physical conditions of the river. When evaluating it, it adopts the form of scoring, so there is a certain degree of subjectivity. Therefore, to be able to evaluate river health more objectively, remote sensing and satellite data should be used on a large scale. Combined with 5G wireless communication, we find indicators that can be quantitatively calculated to establish a long-term monitoring system for rivers, so that river health assessment can be standardized and objective.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The study is supported by the National Key R&D Program of intergovernmental cooperation in science and technology (2019YFE0105200).