BIoMT Modular Infrastructure: The Recent Challenges, Issues, and Limitations in Blockchain Hyperledger-Enabled E-Healthcare Application

Table 3

Comparison with other state-of-the-art proposed methods.

Other state-of-the-art methods	Research description	Research objectives and contributions	Comparison with the proposed BIoMT modular architecture
A blockchain-enabled healthcare system (HSBC) proposed for revocable attribute-based digital signature and access control [40, 41]	The highlight of this paper is; (i) Proposed attribute-based signature scheme; (ii) With attribute revocation; (iii) For the purpose to protect the privacy of the registered patients; (iv) Patient’s identity in HS-BC	The main features of the proposed model are discussed as follows: (i) Security: blockchain; (ii) Network: public network; (iii) Ledger protection mechanism: blockchain-based predefined protection; (iv) Hyperledger: no hyperledger; (v) Consensus: predefined; (vi) Node size: not defined; (vii) Storage: cloud storage; (viii) Response: not applicable; (ix) Transactions executions delay: not applicable; (x) User: patients	The proposed blockchain hyperledger fabric-enabled secure distributed e-healthcare architecture is designed for scheduling and managing DIKW medical processes in a protected manner. The main attributed and architectural features are defined as follows: (i) Security: blockchain-enabled privacy and security; (ii) Network: consortium network structure; (iii) Ledger protection mechanism: hash-based encryption (SHA-256); (iv) Hyperledger: fabric; (v) Consensus: customized consensus policies (shown in contract 1); (vi) Node size: variable in between 2-4 MB; (vii) Storage: IPFS; (viii) Response: depend of traffic/direct; (ix) Transactions executions delay: less delay; (x) User: distributed e-healthcare registered patients
A secure and scalable control policy and access management for healthcare system using collaborative blockchain, IoT, and artificial intelligence techniques [41–43]	The paper discussed the collaborative nature and the impact of the current e-healthcare systems. The contribution of this paper are as follows: (i) An enhanced Bell–LaPadula is used to scalable digital ledger; (ii) Dynamic access control policies developed by creating smart contracts using blockchain; (iii) Provide dynamic access control and functionality; (iv) Other state-of-the-art is used artificial neural network technique for classification of medical records for focusing on the personal healthcare records; (v) IoT-blockchain-enabled real-time monitoring and medical diagnostic-based on four layers of data processes	The critical characteristics and attributes of the proposed model are discussed as follows: (i) Security: blockchain; (ii) Network: public network; (iii) Ledger protection mechanism: blockchain-based predefined protection; (iv) Hyperledger: no hyperledger; (v) Consensus: predefined; (vi) Node size: not defined; (vii) Storage: cloud storage; (viii) Response: not applicable; (ix) Transactions executions delay: not applicable; (x) User: patients