[Retracted] A Survey on Location Privacy Attacks and Prevention Deployed with IoT in Vehicular Networks

Table 1

Classification of attacks and goals achieved after implementation of different algorithms.

Reference	Type of attack	Security service	Goals and targets achieved by implementation of algorithms
[58]	Eavesdropping	Availability	Solving attack problems by asymmetric cryptography technique; To improve the wireless security, enhance the efficiency
[80]	Multiple types	Availability	The framework can reduce the cost and gain outperformed results.
[81]	Jamming	Availability	Blowfish cryptosystem is used for encryption and decryption to make secure routes in MANET.
[51]	Malware	Availability	To protect location privacy and improve the quality of service in the network
[82]	Greedy behavior attack	Target availability	To improve the GSM security via CL-PKC while the handshaking procedure is being done
[70]	Blackhole	Availability	To improve the MANET security using fixed slot length, the attacker cannot continue the attack on the network.
[83]	Multiple	Availability	Present multiple challenges and solutions for preventing IoT overcloud.
[4]	Multiple	Confidentiality	Use encryption technique.; Use VIPER technique for V2I communications.
[23]	Sybil attack and DoS	Confidentiality	Present multiple solutions to prevent an attack on smartphones.
[84]	Sybil attack	Confidentiality	Use a distributed and robust approach
[85]	Impersonation attack	Authentication	Make use of SPECS (secure and privacy enhancing communication schemes).; Make use digital certificates.
[28]	Spoofing attack	Authentication	Present some open challenges in hybrid network of cloud and 5G.
[52]	Repudiation attack	Nonrepudiation	Make use of digital signatures.; Use PKC-based pseudoidentities.
[71]	Sybil attack and DoS	Availability	By the use of signature-based authentication and bit commitment, the impact of DoS attack is reduced.
[72]	Sybil attack	Authentication availability	A central authority for validation (VA) deployment validates the network’s components in real time. The working principle of validation will be direct and indirect.; By cryptographic technique, nodes that want to establish a direct link authenticate VA indirect validation.; VA can use temporary certificates. By using the validation technology, VA is a protected option for attacks.
[86]	Jamming	Availability	Change the transmission channel and use FHSS frequency hop technology to produce pseudorandom hopping numbers for the algorithm by using cryptographic algorithms. This strategy needs improvement to the existing OFDM standard.
[87]	Certificate and or key replication	Authentication and confidentiality	For certificate and key replication, cross-certification among the various VANET certification authorities; CRL (revocation certificate) real-time validity test for digital certificates; Use validated and certified disposable keys.
[88]	Greedy; Malware; Wormhole; Tunneling; Blackhole; Spamming	Availability; Nonrepudiation; Authentication; Confidentiality; Integrity	The cryptographic technique does not provide practical solutions for these attacks, but specific recommended methods can minimize adverse effects such as digital software signatures.