Estimation of Learning Affects Experienced by Learners: An Approach Using Relational Reasoning and Adaptive Mapping

Table 1

Summary of facial expressions to learning affect by Pan et al. [42], Sathik and Jonathan [39], Kapoor et al. [46], Zakka and Vadapalli [35], and Happy et al. [12].

Description	Possible emotion type [12, 33, 39, 42, 46]	Learning affect
		Pan et al. [42]	Sathik and Jonathan [39]	Kapoor et al. [44]	Zakka and Vadapalli [33]	Happy et al. [12]
Lowering eyebrows	Sadness	Negative	Negative	Negative	Not stated	Negative
Nose wrinkling	Anger	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
Depressing lower lip	Sadness	Negative	Negative	Negative	Not stated	Negative
Smile/pleasant expression	Happy	Positive	Not stated	Positive	Positive	Not stated
Eye lightening	Anger	Negative	Negative	Positive	Negative	Negative
Upper lid raiser	Fear, surprise	Not stated	Positive	Positive	Positive	Negative
Raising eyebrow	Fear, surprise	Not stated	Positive	Positive	Positive	Negative
Wrinkle forehead	Anger	Positive	Negative	Not stated	Negative	Negative
Not focused	Disgust	Negative	Not stated	Negative	Negative	Negative
Display surprise	Surprise	Positive	Not stated	Not stated	Positive	Positive
No expression	Neutral	Positive	Not stated	Not stated	Neutral	Not stated