Unveiling the Role of Inflammatory Mediators and Gut Microbiome in Appendicitis: Types and Applications in Clinical Scoring

Table 1

Some of cytokines that are involved in appendicitis [40–47].

Cytokines	Origin	Major finding	Reference
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)	Immune cells, including macrophages, T cells, and fibroblasts	Involved in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and acute-phase reactions	[40]
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)	Various immune cells, including regulatory T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells	An anti-inflammatory cytokine plays a role in dampening inflammation and immune responses, and it has immunosuppressive properties	[41, 42]
Interleukin-8 (IL-8)	Produced by various immune and nonimmune cells in response to inflammation	Proinflammatory chemokine plays a role in recruiting immune cells, such as neutrophils, to the site of inflammation	[43]
Interleukin-17 (IL-17)	Proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by a subset of T cells known as Th17 cells. Act as a key cytokine that links T cell activation to neutrophil mobilization and activation	Involved in inflammation and immune responses, particularly in defense against fungal and bacterial infections	[44]
Interleukin-12 (IL-12)	Cytokine that is produced by antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells	Is involved in promoting inflammation and regulating immune responses, particularly Th1 responses.	[45]
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)	Proinflammatory cytokine that is produced primarily by macrophages	Plays a central role in inflammation, immune response regulation, and apoptosis and as a pathological component of autoimmune diseases	[46]
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)	A proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by several immune cells, including T cells and natural killer (NK) cells	Plays a role in immune responses against viral and intracellular bacterial infections	[47]