The Role of the Gut Microbiome and the Hepatic Axis in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome and Therapeutics

Table 1

Gut microbiota-associated liver disease.

S. no.	Disease	Dysbiotic features	Reference
1	NAFLD	Increase in Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Escherichia; Reduction or no change in Bacteroidetes; Decrease in Prevotella and Firmicutes	[44, 45]
2	CIRRHOSIS	Increase in Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Streptococcaceae; Reduce Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae	[46]
3	NASH	Increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio	[47]
4	ALD	Elevated proinflammatory Enterobacteriaceae levels, decreased levels of butyrate-producing Clostridiales species.	[48]
5	PSC	Increase in Veillonella and Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, and Lactobacillus	[49]
6	HCC	Decrease in Ruminococcus, Oscillibacter, Faecalibacterium, Clostridium, Coprococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Enterococcus; Increase in Escherichia coli, LPS-producing Klebsiella, and Haemophilus	[50]
7	PBC	Nov osphingoviumaromaticivorans, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycobacteria, and retroviruses, though these associations are weaker than that for E. coli	[51]