| S. no. | Disease | Dysbiotic features | Reference |
| 1 | NAFLD | Increase in Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Escherichia Reduction or no change in Bacteroidetes Decrease in Prevotella and Firmicutes | [44, 45] | 2 | CIRRHOSIS | Increase in Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Streptococcaceae Reduce Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae | [46] | 3 | NASH | Increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio | [47] | 4 | ALD | Elevated proinflammatory Enterobacteriaceae levels, decreased levels of butyrate-producing Clostridiales species. | [48] | 5 | PSC | Increase in Veillonella and Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, and Lactobacillus | [49] | 6 | HCC | Decrease in Ruminococcus, Oscillibacter, Faecalibacterium, Clostridium, Coprococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Enterococcus Increase in Escherichia coli, LPS-producing Klebsiella, and Haemophilus | [50] | 7 | PBC | Nov osphingoviumaromaticivorans, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycobacteria, and retroviruses, though these associations are weaker than that for E. coli | [51] |
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