Effect of Moringa oleifera, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Their Combination on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzymes, Immunity, and Microbiota in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Table 1

Formulation and proximate composition of the experimental diets (%).

Ingredients (%)	CON–CON	CON–Ba	MO–CON	MO–Ba
M. oleifera powder	0.0	0.0	10.0	10.0
B. amyloliquefaciens	—	+	—	+
Soybean meal	37.0	37.0	37.0	37.0
Rapeseed meal	20.0	20.0	20.0	20.0
Wheat flour	25.8	25.8	23.4	23.4
DDGS	8.0	8.0	0.0	0.0
Fish meal powder	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Soybean oil (≥98%)	2.6	2.6	3.0	3.0
Perilla seed oil	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
Ca(H2PO4)2	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
Multivitamins^a	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Vitamin C	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiminerals^b	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Methionine (≥98%)	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Choline chloride	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Total	100.0	100.0	90.0	90.0
Proximate composition of diets (% dry matter)
Moisture	5.1	5.0	4.6	4.8
Crude protein	35.4	35.5	34.5	34.6
Crude lipid	5.9	5.9	6.0	6.0
Crude ash	6.9	7.1	7.7	7.6
Gross energy (kJ/g)	18.4	18.4	18.5	18.4

Multivitamins and multiminerals were supplied by Guangzhou Heng Xing Aquatic Technology Company, China. ^aMultivitamins: vitamin C (800 mg), vitamin A (8,000,000 IU), thiamine (700 mg), riboflavin (3,500 mg), pyridoxine (1,000 mg), cyanocobalamin (7 mg), vitamin D3 (2,000,000 IU), α-tocopherol acetate (7,000 mg), vitamin K3 (1,500 mg), biotin (50 mg), folic acid (700 mg), niacin (20,000 mg), and pantothenic acid (7,000 mg). ^bMultiminerals: iron (20 g), zinc (40 g), copper (2.7 g), iodine (0.34 g), cobalt (70 mg), manganese (53 g), selenium (70 mg).