Exploring the Nutritional Potential of Spent Coffee Grounds as a Substitute for Rice Bran in Feeds for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: An Evaluation of Growth Performance and Biological Indices

Table 2

Ingredients and proximate composition of the four experimental diets.

Ingredient compositions (%)	Experimental diets (dry weight)
	0%	5%	10%	15%
Commercial fish meal	25.15	25.15	25.15	25.15
Soybean meal	25.15	25.15	25.15	25.15
Corn starch	14.9	14.9	14.9	14.9
Broken rice	14.9	14.9	14.9	14.9
Rice bran	14.9	14.15	13.41	12.67
Spent coffee grounds	0	0.77	1.49	2.25
Premix	5	5	5	5
Total (%)	100	100	100	100
Proximate composition (% in dry weight)
Moisture	10.45	10.04	9.13	9.41
Ash	15.54	16.06	14.56	16.85
Protein	31.02	32.03	31.41	32.41
Lipid	8.59	8.23	8.87	8.33
Fiber	33.43	27.27	27.74	28.18

Note: Premix 1 kg contained vitamins, including vitamin A 36,000 IU, vitamin D3 9,000 IU, vitamin E 187 mg, vitamin K 19 mg, vitamin B1 52 mg, vitamin B2 97 mg, vitamin B6 46 mg, vitamin C (coated) 69,800 mg activity, vitamin B12 60 µg, pantothenic acid 93 mg, niacin 130 mg, folic acid 10 mg, Inositol 225 mg, and biotin 450 µg, as well as minerals, including Mg 105 mg, Cu 9 mg, Fe 90 mg, Zn 90 mg, I 1.8 mg, Co 450 µg, Mg 1,900 mg, Se 150 µg, Na 117 mg, K 3,600 mg, and Ca 219 mg.