Association between Gestational Weight Gain and Maternal and Birth Outcomes in Northern Ghana
Table 5
Multinomial logistic regression showing the association between maternal and birth outcome and gestational weight gain of pregnant women using normal weight gain as the base outcome category.
Maternal outcome
Gestational weight gain
Inadequate weight gain
Excessive weight gain
AOR (95% CI)
value
AOR (95% CI)
value
Mode of delivery
Spontaneous vaginal delivery
ref
ref
Caesarean section
0.27 (0.12-0.61)
0.002
19.81 (5.38-72.91)
0.001
Delivery complication
None
ref
ref
Had complication
0.46 (0.15-1.44)
0.185
8.47 (1.29-55.33)
0.026
Term of delivery (weeks)
Normal term (37-41)
ref
ref
Preterm (<37)
2.88 (1.27-6.50)
0.011
0.99 (0.18-5.64)
0.998
Postterm (<=42)
0.09 (0.03-0.32)
0.001
0.58 (0.05-6.85)
0.666
APGAR score (1 minute)
Below normal (<7)
ref
ref
Normal (> =7)
0.75 (0.25-2.25)
0.606
4.01 (0.29-54.85)
0.298
APGAR score (5 minutes)
Below normal (<7)
ref
ref
Normal (> =7)
2.52 (0.32-20.04)
0.382
0.06 (0.00-1.44)
0.082
Weight of baby (kg)
Normal birth weight (2.5–3.9)
ref
ref
Low birth weight (<2.5)
1.14 (0.53-2.44)
0.740
0.00
0.989
Foetal macrosomia (> =4.0)
0.17 (0.02-1.25)
0.082
43.80 (7.07-271.23)
0.001
Resuscitation
Resuscitation provided
ref
ref
Resuscitation not provided
2.48 (1.02-6.03)
0.066
0.46 (0.07-3.19)
0.433
Neonatal outcome
Alive
ref
ref
Dead
2.60 (0.22-30.40)
0.446
0.00
0.995
Stillbirth
0.92 (0.05-18.29)
0.958
0.00
0.997
value statistically significant at 95% CI. Confounding variables adjusted: mode of delivery, delivery complication, term of delivery, APGAR score, weight of baby (kg), resuscitation, and neonatal outcome.
