Influence of Childhood Adversity on Students’ Delinquent Activities: Interplay with Neighborhood Context and Delinquent Peer Association

Table 2

Items of the constructs and corresponding questions used in the study.

Attitude measuring scale reference	Subscales/sum scores	Items	Question description
ACE score [6]	ACE score	ACE1	“Did a parent or other adult in the household often Swear at you, insult you, put you down, or humiliate you?; or; Act in a way that made you afraid that you might be physically hurt?”
		ACE2	“Did a parent or other adult in the household often …; Push, grab, slap, or throw something at you?; or; Ever hit you so hard that you had marks or were injured?”
		ACE3	“Did an adult or person at least 5 years older than you ever…; Touch or fondle you or have you touch their body in a sexual way?; or; Try to or actually have oral, anal, or vaginal sex with you?”
		ACE4	“Did you often feel that …; No one in your family loved you or thought you were important or special?; or; Your family did not look out for each other, feel close to each other, or support each other?”
		ACE5	“Did you often feel that …; You did not have enough to eat, had to wear dirty clothes, and had no one to protect you?; or; Your parents were too drunk or high to take care of you or take you to the doctor if you needed it?”
		ACE6	“Were your parents ever separated or divorced?”
		ACE7	“Was your mother or stepmother: Often pushed, grabbed, slapped, or had something thrown at her”
		ACE8	“Did you live with anyone who was a problem drinker or alcoholic or who used street drugs?”
		ACE9	“Was a household member depressed or mentally ill or did a household member attempt suicide?”
		ACE10	“Did a household member go to prison?”
Neighborhood social capital [9]	SC score	SC1	“Are people around here willing to help their neighborhood? (HELP)”
		SC2	“Is this a close-knit neighborhood? (COHESION)”
		SC3	“Can people in this neighborhood be trusted? (TRUST)”
		SC4	“Do people in the neighborhood generally get along well with one another? (FRIENDLINESS)”
Neighborhood disorganization [9, 136]	ND score	ND1	“There is a lot of crime in my neighborhood”
		ND2	“There is a lot of drug dealing in my neighborhood”
		ND3	“There is a lot of fighting in my neighborhood”
		ND4	“There is a lot of graffiti in my neighborhood”
		ND 5	“There are a lot of empty and abandoned buildings in my neighborhood”
Family deprivation [9]	FD score	FD	“How well-off is your family, compared with others?”
Peer delinquency [10]	Underage acts (PUA score)	PD1	“Playing truancy”
		PD2	“Running away from home”
		PD3	“Loitering during midnight”
		PD4	“Going to internet café”
		PD 5	“Cheating in exams”
		PD6	“Reading pornographic materials”
	Substance abuse (PSA score)	PD7	“Drinking Alcohol”
		PD8	“Smoking cigarettes”
	Violent delinquency (PVD score)	PD9	“Carrying weapons”
		PD10	“Fighting”
		PD11	“Bullying”
		PD12	“Extortion”
	Property delinquency (PPD score)	PD13	“Stealing”
		PD14	“Damaging property”
		PD15	“Gambling”
	Punished by school authority (PP score)	PD16	“Punished by teachers”
		PD17	“Punished by school authority”
		PD18	“Arrested by police”
Delinquent behavior [10]	Underage acts (UA score)	DEL1	“Playing truancy”
		DB2	“Running away from home”
		DB3	“Loitering during midnight”
		DB4	“Going to internet café”
		DB5	“Buying alcohol or cigarettes”
		DB6	“Cheating on exams”
		DB7	“Reading pornographic materials”/watching pornographic contents
		DB8	“Driving a car without license”
	Substance abuse (SA score)	DB9	“Drinking alcohol”
		DB10	“Getting drunk”
		DB11	“Smoking cigarettes”
		DB12	“Taking illegal drugs”
	Violent delinquency (VD score)	DB13	“Carrying weapons”
		DB14	“Fighting”
		DB15	“Insulting other people”
		DB16	“Bullying other students”
		DB17	“Extortion”
		DB18	“Insulting parents”
		DB19	“Hitting parents”
	Property delinquency (PD score)	DB20	“Taking money from home” “without parents’ permission
		DB21	“Stealing”
		DB22	“Shoplifting”
		DB23	“Painting graffiti”
		DB24	“Damaging property”
		DB25	“Gambling”