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| Reference | Age/Sex | Presentation | Medical History | Immune Status | Treatment | Outcome |
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| [1] | 51/F | Facial pain, headache, CT-haziness in the left maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses with calcific density apparent in maxillary sinus | Unremarkable | Normal | ESS: maxillary antrostomy, ethmoidectomy, and debridement
Cephalosporin (1 mo) and roxithromycin (3 mo) | Resolution
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| [1] | 47/F | Postnasal drip, nasal congestion and CT shows haziness in the left maxillary sinus. Calcific density apparent in maxillary sinus CT | Unremarkable | Normal | See Table 2 Row 1 | Resolution
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| [1] | 52/F | Postnasal drip, headache, sneezing, CT shows haziness in left maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. Calcific density apparent in maxillary sinus CT | Unremarkable | Normal | See Table 2 Row 1 | Resolution
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| [1] | 58/M | Bloody discharge, CT shows haziness in the left maxillary sinus. Calcific density apparent in maxillary sinus CT | Unremarkable | Normal | See Table 2 Row 1 | Resolution
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| [1] | 49/F | Cough, snoring, rhinolalia, CT shows haziness in the right maxillary sinus. Calcific density apparent in maxillary sinus CT | Unremarkable | Normal | See Table 2 Row 1 | Resolution
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| [1] | 50/F | Nasal congestion, hyperrhinorrhea, postnasal drip, and CT shows haziness in the left maxillary sinus. Calcific density apparent in maxillary sinus CT | Oroantral fistula secondary to facial trauma | Normal | See Table 2 Row 1
| Resolution
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| [3] | 41/F | Severe aching left-sided headache, R-sided lateral rectus weakness.
Skull x-ray: eroded clival margins and cloudiness of the sphenoid sinuses. Arteriogram: increased blushing in the clival-basi sphenoid area + cavernous sinus thrombosis. | Electroshock therapy,
depression, and pneumonia (2x) | Normal | Transseptal sphenoidotomy
Transethmoidal + antral sphenoidotomy
IV penicillin → phenoxy methyl penicillin (3 mo.)
Isoniazid + tetracycline (4 mo.) | Clival cortex restoration, sinus aeration, and sphenoid sclerosis on CT at 3 mo. follow-up.
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| [9] | 50/F | Right facial pain and tenderness, maxilla numbness, ear fullness, pressure, hearing loss. CT showed opacification of right maxillary sinus. | Dental extraction | Not reported | Right middle turbinectomy, maxillary antrostomy, anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy. Endoscopy
+ debridement
Penicillin VK (7 wks)
Doxycycline
| Resolution
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| [14] | 42/F | Left maxillary tenderness, mucosal inflammation in the left middle meatus | Osseointegrated dental implants, oroantral fistula, and refractory sinusitis
| Normal | Left Caldwell-Luc for maxillary sinus debridement
Endoscopic ethmoidectomy
IV penicillin (3 wks), Oral penicillin (3 mo.) | Resolution
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| [20] | 67/F | Facial swelling, pain | Refractory sinusitis | Normal | Penicillin (6 mo.) | Resolution
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| [21] | 32/F | Nasal congestion, headache. CT-intrasinus hyperattenuating tissue in the sphenoid sinus, suggesting chronic fungal sinusitis | Otorrhea R radical mastoidectomy + empirical systemic + otic antibiotics | Not reported | Endoscopic exploration and drainage of the sphenoid sinus. | Not reported
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| [22] | 25/F | Left cheek discomfort (8 months), plain film, and CT showed a metallic foreign body in the left maxillary sinus | Chronic allergic rhinosinusitis, dental prosthesis extraction 3yrs prior | Not reported | Left Caldwell-Luc → maxillary sinus irrigation with an aqueous solution of 1% gentian violet and a specimen sent to pathology
Oral amoxicillin/clavulanate + deflazacort (2 wks)
Amoxicillin/clavulanate (3 mo) | Resolution
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| [23] | 47/F | Mild chronic pain in the left buccal region with a tender lesion and slight swelling. CT-left maxillary and partial ethmoid opacification and calcified fragment close to the natural ostium. | Unremarkable | Normal | Maxillary antrostomy + anterior ethmoidectomy with a sampling of caseous material at maxillary os
Clarithromycin for 6 months | Resolution |
| [24] | 33/F | Right nasal obstruction, intermittent epistaxis, purulent rhinorrhea, and headaches for 1 year.
CT-round and linear calcification with central lucency resulting in mucosal thickening of the right inferior turbinate and nasal septum with haziness in the right maxillary sinus. | Unremarkable | Normal | ESS
Cefdinir 100 mg TID and w mupirocin nasal irrigations | Resolution |
| [25] | 58/F | Fever, left-sided facial pain, swelling, and redness for 3 days. CT- heterogeneous soft tissue density filling left maxilla and ethmoids, with no clear bony erosions. | Diabetes, past episodes of discharging sinuses over the abdominal wall and hip.
Tooth extraction and dental implantation 2 years prior to symptoms | Immunocompromised | ESS-a sampling of the maxillary and ethmoid sinus
Amoxicillin/clavulanate (2 wks)
Endoscopy at follow-up showed granular mucosa with yellow spots in the postoperative cavity.
Oral amoxicillin TID (3 months) | Resolution |
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