Investigating the Relationship between Smoking and Panic Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study among US Adults

Table 1

Table of characteristics.

Variable	Diagnosed with panic disorder		No diagnosis of panic disorder
	Frequency	95% CI	Frequency	95% CI	value
Age^a	30.29	[28.16-32.43]	29.66	[29.29-30.02]
Gender
Male	0.018	[0.011-0.0292]	0.982	[0.9708-0.989]	0.0392
Female	0.0346	[0.023-0.0516]	0.9654	[0.9484-0.977]
Total	0.0264	[0.0192-0.0363]	0.9736	[0.9637-0.9808]
Ethnicity/race
Non-Hispanic White	0.0276	[0.0184-0.0412]	0.9724	[0.9588-0.9816]	0.8464
Non-Hispanic Black	0.0234	[0.0119-0.0456]	0.9766	[0.9544-0.9881]
Hispanic	0.0228	[0.01-0.0509]	0.9772	[0.9491-0.99]
Total	0.0261	[0.0189-0.036]	0.9739	[0.964-0.9811]
Education
Less than 12 years	0.0293	[0.0186-0.0459]	0.9742	[0.9619-0.9826]	0.6862
More than 12 years	0.0258	[0.0174-0.0381]	0.9707	[0.9541-0.9814]
Total	0.0265	[0.0192-0.0364]	0.9735	[0.9636-0.9808]
Marital status
Married	0.0166	[0.0104-0.0265]	0.9834	[0.9735-0.9896]	0.0077
Not married	0.0376	[0.0247-0.057]	0.9624	[0.943-0.9753]
Total	0.0257	[0.0184-0.0357]	0.9743	[0.9643-0.9816]
Income status
Above poverty	0.0206	[0.0137-0.031]	0.9794	[0.969-0.9863]	0.008
Below poverty	0.0479	[0.0285-0.0794]	0.9521	[0.9206-0.9715]
Total	0.0251	[0.018-0.035]	0.9749	[0.965-0.982]
Alcohol consumption
Yes	0.0511	[0.0274-0.0933]	0.9489	[0.9067-0.9726]	0.0338
No	0.0239	[0.0165-0.0347]	0.9761	[0.9653-0.9835]
Total	0.0281	[0.0203-0.0389]	0.9719	[0.9611-0.9797]
Smoking cigarettes
Yes	0.046	[0.0317-0.0662]	0.954	[0.9338, 0.9683]	0.0001
No	0.0108	[0.0056-0.0209]	0.9892	[0.9791, 0.9944]
Total	0.0265	[0.0192-0.0363]	0.9735	[0.9637, 0.9808]
Smoking cigarettes frequency
Frequently smokes	0.071	[0.0481-0.1036]	0.929	[0.8964-0.9519]	0.0011
Occasionally smokes	0.0206	[0.0067-0.0612]	0.9794	[0.9388-0.9933]
Never smokes	0.0136	[0.0043-0.042]	0.9864	[0.958-0.9957]
Total	0.046	[0.0317-0.0662]	0.954	[0.9338-0.9683]
Smoking pipe
Yes	0.0591	[0.0179-0.1776]	0.9409	[0.8224-0.9821]	0.16
No	0.0254	[0.0182-0.0354]	0.9746	[0.9646-0.9818]
Total	0.0265	[0.0192-0.0363]	0.9735	[0.9637-0.9808]
Smoking cigar
Yes	0.0206	[0.0078-0.0533]	0.9794	[0.9467-0.9922]	0.58
No	0.0272	[0.0195-0.038]	0.9728	[0.962-0.9805]
Total	0.0265	[0.0192-0.0363]	0.9735	[0.9637-0.9808]
Physically active
No	0.0278	[0.0188-0.0409]	0.9722	[0.9591-0.9812]	0.6611
Yes	0.023	[0.0111-0.0469]	0.977	[0.9531-0.9889]
Total	0.0265	[0.0193-0.0364]	0.9735	[0.9636-0.9807]

^aData is presented as mean. Abbreviation: CI: confidence interval.