Investigating the Relationship between Smoking and Panic Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study among US Adults

Table 2

OR of different variables associated with panic disorder.

Variable	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	value
Age^a	1.019 [0.956-1.086]	>0.05
Smoking cigarettes
No	Reference
Yes	4.396 [2.032-9.513]	<0.001
Smoking cigarettes frequency
Frequently smokes	Reference
Occasionally smokes	0.275 [0.084-0.902]	<0.05
Never smokes	0.180 [0.055-0.591]	<0.05
Smoking pipe
No	Reference
Yes	2.41 [0.67-8.67]	0.17
Smoking cigar
No	Reference
Yes	0.75 [0.27-2.12]	0.58
Alcohol consumption
No	Reference
Yes	2.196 [1.046-4.609]	<0.05
Gender
Female	Reference
Male	0.512 [0.269-0.977]	<0.05
Ethnicity/race
Non-Hispanic White	Reference
Non-Hispanic Black	0.844 [0.365-1.953]	>0.05
Hispanic	0.822 [0.328-2.064]	>0.05
Education
Less than 12 years	Reference
More than 12 years	0.879 [0.464-1.665]	>0.05
Marital status
Not married	Reference
Married	0.433 [0.233-0.805]	<0.05
Income status
Below poverty	Reference
Above poverty	0.419 [0.218-0.803]	<0.05
Physically active
No	Reference
Yes	0.823 [0.336-2.011]	>0.05

^aEach 1 year increase in age.