An Empirical Study on Downstream Dependency Package Groups in Software Packaging Ecosystems

Table 1

Information of the top 12 package managers on December 1, 2021.

Package manager	Creation year	Language	Number of packages	Website	Top five keywords
npm	2010	JavaScript	2,121k	https://www.npmjs.com	React, javascript, typescript, nodejs, vue
Go	2007	Go	449k	https://pkg.go.dev	Golang, go, kubernetes, cli, hacktoberfest
Maven	2004	Java	445k	http://maven.org	Java, scala, hacktoberfest, kotlin, android
PyPI	2003	Python	409k	https://pypi.org/	Python, python3, django, testing, api
Packagist	2012	PHP	339k	https://packagist.org	Laravel, php, api, yii2, framework
NuGet	2010	.NET	288k	https://www.nuget.org	Dotnet, csharp, Tag1, Tag2, ios
RubyGems	2004	Ruby	176k	https://rubygems.org	Ruby, rails, gem, ruby-gem, hacktoberfest
CocoaPods	2011	Objective-C	85k	http://cocoapods.org/	Swift, ios, cocoapods, objective-c, carthage
Cargo	2012	Rust	73k	https://crates.io	Rust, cli, blockchain, async, parser
Bower	2012	JavaScript	70k	http://bower.io	Angular, javascript, jquery, css, web-components
CPAN	1995	Perl	39k	https://metacpan.org	Perl, per5, localization, unicode, hacktoberfest
Pub	2011	Dart	27k	https://pub.dartlang.org	Flutter, dart, pub, pubspec, flutter-plugin