Microplastics in the Ecosystem: A Systematic Review of the Methods for Their Detection and Removal

Table 1

Proven origins of primary and secondary MPs.

Primary MPs	Secondary MPs
Fibers released during the production of textiles and clothing made of synthetic materials [28]	Toys, rubber, kitchen utensils, electrical wires, and interior paint [29]
Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) particles in cosmetic and medical products [30]	Textile fibers originating from clothing due to daily use or washing processes and released from textile manufacturing plants [31]
Cosmetic formulations often contain industrially produced microspheres and plastic particles [28]	It arises during the consumption and design of plastic products (for example, when plastic bottles degrade) or when macroplastics decompose into MPs [32]
Product of the industrial shot-blasting process using microplastics as an abrasive agent [31]	The marketing and use of disposable plastics, focus on straws and plastic bags [33]
Synthetic grass (turf) on the football pitch [34]	Material obtained from fishing nets [35]
Release of drilling fluids from oil and gas exploration activities, as well as in industrial abrasive processes [34]	LDP (low-density polyethylene) sheeting is commonly used in agriculture to maintain soil moisture, control weeds, and regulate temperature, a process known as plastic sheeting [34]