Effect of Yogurt Intake Frequency on Blood Pressure: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 1
Demographic and health characteristics for the total sample (n = 3 068) according to the level of yogurt intake frequency.
Variables
Total (n = 3068)
Low-frequency group (n = 1648)
High-frequency group (n = 1420)
value
Gender
<0.001
Male
1429 (46.6)
944 (57.3)
485 (34.2)
Female
1639 (53.4)
704 (42.7)
935 (65.8)
Age
46.6 ± 19.5
48.8 ± 19.5
44.0 ± 19.2
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
28.3 ± 6.1
28.4 ± 6.1
28.1 ± 6.2
0.164
Marriage
0.802
Married
1772 (57.8)
955 (58)
817 (57.5)
Widow
1295 (42.2)
692 (42)
603 (42.5)
Diabetes
<0.001
Yes
291 (9.5)
185 (11.2)
106 (7.5)
No
2777 (90.5)
1463 (88.8)
1314 (92.5)
Glycosylated hemoglobin (g/dl)
0.5 ± 0.2
0.6 ± 0.2
0.5 ± 0.1
0.027
Income
<0.001
Low
859 (29.5)
475 (30.3)
384 (28.7)
Middle
1115 (38.3)
644 (41)
471 (35.2)
High
935 (32.1)
451 (28.1)
484 (36.1)
TC (mmol/L)
5.2 ± 1.1
5.2 ± 1.2
5.2 ± 1.1
0.447
TG (mmol/L)
1.4 (0.9, 2.0)
1.4 (1.0, 2.0)
1.3 (0.9, 2.0)
0.028
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.9 (2.3, 3.5)
2.9 (2.4, 3.6)
2.9 (2.3, 3.5)
0.089
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.3 (1.1, 1.6)
1.3 (1.1, 1.6)
1.4 (1.1, 1.7)
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
125.0 ± 21.2
127.1 ± 21.5
122.5 ± 20.6
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
70.1 ± 12.3
71.0 ± 12.4
69.0 ± 12.2
<0.001
MAP (mmHg)
111.7 ± 16.5
113.4 ± 16.4
109.8 ± 16.3
<0.001
Pulse pressure (mmHg)
54.9 ± 19.9
56.1 ± 20.6
53.4 ± 19.0
<0.001
BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure. Income categories based on the profitability index ratio (PIR) values low (PIR ≤1.3); middle (1.3 < PIR < 3.5); high (PIR ≥ 3.5).
