Occurrence of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Impact on Fish Health

Table 1

Frequently isolated fungi from fish feeds and feed ingredients from previous studies.

Source	Country	Sample size	Common isolates	Frequency of isolation (%)	References
Tilapia feeds	Egypt	25	A. flavus	48	Mohammed et al. [34]
			A. niger	40
			A. fumigatus	8
			A. ochraceus	4
			Penicillium sp.,	40
			Cladosporium sp.	8
			Candida sp.	40
Fish feeds and ingredients	East Africa	52	A. flavus	54.5	Marijani et al. [35]
			A. tamarii	9.1
			Mucor sp.	9
			Phoma sp.	6.1
			A. niger	6
			E.rubrum	3
			P. chrysogenum	3
Commercial and formulated fish feeds	Kenya	121	Asperigillus sp.	50.5	Njagi [36]
			Mucor sp.	56
			Rhizopus sp.	49.5
			Saprolegnia sp.	42.5
			Penicillium sp.	31
Fish feeds and ingredients	Brazil	54	Penicillium sp.	83.3	Gonçalves-Nunes et al. [37]
			Aspergillus sp.	66.7
			Rhizopus sp.	23.3
			Cladosporium sp.	20
Rainbow trout feed	Argentina	28	Cladosporium cladosporioides	53.6	Greco et al. [38]
			Eurotium repens	21.4
			Eurotium rubrum	14.3
			Mucor sp.	7.1
			A. versicolor	3.6
			P. crustosum	3.6
			P. expansum	3.6
			P. chrysogenum	3.6
Fish feeds	Iran	86	A. flavus	47.3	Fallah et al. [39]
			A. parasiticus	16.1
			A. niger	13.9
			A. ochraceus	10.2
			A. fumigates	9
			A. versicolor	<5
			A. carbonarius	<5
			A. nomius	<5
			A.ustus	<5
			Fusarium sp.	26.2
			Eurotium sp.	10
			Penicillium sp.	41.5
			Mucor sp.	<10
			Cladosporium sp.	<5
			Alternaria sp.	<5
Fish feed	Brazil	60	Cladosporium sp.	85	Barbosa et al. [40]
			P. citrinum	71
			A. flavu	35
			A. niger	36
			Eurotium sp.	20
			Wallemia	40
			Aureobasidium	10
			Mucor, and	10
			Nigrospora sp.	<10
Fish feeds	Brazil	36	A. flavus	60.47	Filho et al. [41]
			A. fumigates	6.98
			A. terreus	2.32
			A. candidus	2.32
			A. oryzae	6.98
			A. penicillioides	2.32
			Eurotium sp.	18.61
			Penicillium sp.	19.18
			Cladosporium sp.	16.44
			Fusarium sp.	8.22
Tilapia feed	Mexico	30	Aspergillus flavus	6.7	Rodriguez–Cervantes et al. [42]
			Fusarium sp.	6.7
Sea bass feeds	Portugal	87	Aspergillus niger	39.1	Almeida et al. [10]
			Aspergillus glaucus	29.9
			Penicillium sp.	28.7
			Cladosporium sp.	28.7
			Fusarium sp.	25.3
Rainbow trout feed	Iran		A. flavus	60.66	Alinezhad et al. [43]
			A. niger	19.67
			A. ochraceus	1.0
			A. fumigates	2.0
			A. clavatus	1.0
			Penicillium sp.	14.0
			Absidia sp.	12.0
			Mucor sp.	2.0
			Alternaria sp.	2.0
Fish feeds	Egypt	50	A. flavus	56.0	Hassan et al. [44]
			A. niger	4.0
			A. ochraceus	2
			A. candidus	8.0
			Penicillium sp.	22.0
			Mucor sp.	50.0
			Cladosporium sp.	2.0
			Rhizopus sp.	4.0

The most commonly isolated species.