Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella from Poultry Farms and In-Contact Humans and Associated Risk Factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Table 4
Sample-level prevalence of Salmonella and associated factors in poultry farms in Addis Ababa.
Characteristics
Categories
No. of samples tested
No. (%) of positive samples
Chi-square
value
Flock size of chickens
Large (≥500)
299
21 (7.0)
0.587
0.558
Small (<500)
172
9 (5.2)
Poultry farm’s waste disposal practices
On-farm waste disposal
257
23 (9.0)
6.313
0.013
Off-farm waste disposal
214
7 (3.3)
Source of chickens
Different multiplication centers
180
18 (10.0)
6.439
0.018
A single multiplication center
291
12 (4.1)
Type of chicken-keeping house
Floor system
232
19 (7.5)
1.192
0.345
Cage system
239
11 (5.1)
Use of disinfectant
No
171
18 (10.5)
7.779
0.010
Yes
300
12 (4.0)
Age of chickens
<6 months
231
17 (7.4)
0.761
0.683
6–12 months
219
12 (5.5)
>12 months
21
1 (4.8)
Type of commodity
Layers
431
28 (6.5)
0.137
1.000
Broilers
40
2 (5.0)
Wash hands after use of the toilet
No
113
10 (8.9)
1.533
0.267
Yes
358
20 (5.6)
Poultry feed contaminated with chicken excreta
No
354
16 (4.5)
0.175
0.008
Yes
117
14 (12.0)
Presence of rodents in a farm
No
41
2 (4.9)
0.167
1.000
Yes
430
28 (6.5)
Use of protective gloves when handling chickens and eggs
