The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hyperkalemia in the Outpatient Setting

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of patients with serum potassium ≥5.8 and <5.8 mmol/L in the 2021 calendar year.

	K ≥ 5.8 mmol/L (N = 131)	K < 5.8 mmol/L (N = 2840)	-value
Age, years	66.5 ± 13.4	55.9 ± 12.9	<0.001
Female, N (%)	64 (48.9)	1683 (59.3)	0.022
Serum potassium, mmol/L	6.10 ± 0.28	4.24 ± 0.42	<0.001
GFR, CKD-EPI, mL/min/1.73 m^2	16.9 (30.8)	78.3 (34.1)	<0.001
Hypertension, N (%)	91 (69.5)	1667 (58.7)	0.010
Diabetes, N (%)	72 (55.0)	1031 (36.3)	<0.001
Coronary artery diseases, N (%)	37 (28.2)	447 (15.7)	0.002
CKD stage ≥ 3, N (%)	118 (90.1)	734 (25.8)	<0.001
CKD stage 3A, N (%)	8 (6.1)	384 (13.5)	0.014
CKDI stage 3B, N (%)	22 (16.8)	227 (8.0)	<0.001
CKD stage 4, N (%)	27 (20.6)	61 (2.1)	<0.001
CKD stage 5, N (%)	61 (46.6)	62 (2.2)	<0.001
Hemodialysis, N (%)	34 (26.0)	41 (1.44)	<0.001
CAPD, N (%)	4 (3.05)	5 (0.18)	<0.001
Kidney transplantation, N (%)	7 (5.34)	41 (1.44)	0.001
Medication use
RAASi, N (%)	38 (29.0)	438 (15.4)	0.001
ACE inhibitors, N (%)	7 (5.34)	113 (3.98)	0.438
ARB, N (%)	23 (17.6)	305 (10.7)	0.046
MRA, N (%)	13 (9.92)	57 (2.01)	0.003
Beta blockers, N (%)	60 (45.8)	1189 (41.9)	0.372
TMP/SMX, N (%)	6 (4.58)	65 (2.29)	0.219
Cyclosporine A/tacrolimus, N (%)	5 (3.82)	55 (1.94)	0.271

Data presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR) or unless otherwise indicated. GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CKD-EPI, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration; CAPD, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; RAASi, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor; ACE inhibitor, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; TMP/SMX, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.