Optimizing MPPT Control for Enhanced Efficiency in Sustainable Photovoltaic Microgrids: A DSO-Based Approach

Table 3

Comparative performance index of test function: Langerman-5.

Function name	DD	Search space	Statistical value	PSO	GWO	Proposed method (DSO)
Langerman-5	5	[−300, 300]	Best	4.62 × 10^−7	4.72 × 10^−7	2.74 × 10^−7
			Mean	4.52 × 10^−7	3.69 × 10^−7	2.79 × 10^−7
			SD	0.57 × 10^−9	0.59 × 10^−9	0.52 × 10^−9

Here, DD: number of design variables or dimension, SD: standard deviation, DSO: drone squadron optimization.