Research Article
Enhancing Fault Detection and Classification in MMC-HVDC Systems: Integrating Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm with Machine Learning Methods
| Metric | Proposed technique | Existing technique |
| Accuracy | 0.9901 | 95–98% | Specificity | 0.9869 | 90–95% | F1 score | 0.9864 | 92–95% | Sensitivity | 0.9867 | 85–90% | Convergence time | Faster | Slower | Data requirements | Moderate | High | Computational complexity | Moderate | High |
|
|