A Novel Hybrid MPPT Controller for PEMFC Fed High Step-Up Single Switch DC-DC Converter

Table 1

Detailed illustration of various categories of fuel stacks [28].

Stack technology	PEMFSM	AFSM	PAFSM	MCFSM	SOFSM
The chemical applied in the fuel stack	Ions of hydrogen	Ions of hydrogen	Ions of hydrogen	Ions of hydrogen	Carbon monoxide H2
Chemical composition	Pure air and O2	Pure air and O2	Pure air and O2	Pure air and O2, CO2	Pure air and O2
Applied electrolyte category	Polymeric	KOH	H3PO4	Molten carbonate	CaTiO3
Maximum withstanding (T)	From 62°C to 84°C	From 73°C to 202°C	220°C–225°C	Highest of 622°C	Highest of 968°C
Rated available power	From 1 kW to 273 kW	From 7.8 W to 97.9 kW	From 44157 W	334 kW–1.8 MW	1 kW to 2 MW
Efficiency of cell	From 58% to 64.6%	From 56% to 61.5%	From 34% to 39%	47.7%–56%	47.77%–59.55%
Applications of the fuel stack	Battery-operated networks, plus electric vehicles	Apollo series space machines, plus hotels	Schools, office buildings, and manufacturing centers	Natural gas, coal-based power networks, and military	Stationary power supply, plus high-power EVs