An Overview of Energy Recovery from Local Slaughterhouse-Based Gallus gallus domesticus Greasy Residues and Latest Applications

Table 1

Summary work on obtaining biodiesel by transesterification of chicken fats.

Operating conditions	Experimental results	References
Methanol and lipids in a molar ratio of 6 : 1 and a methanol-ethanol-lipids mixture in a molar ratio of 3 : 3:1 reacted with 1% KOH catalyst ethanol-lipids molar ration of 6 : 1; 1% sodium ethoxide.	Amounts of biodiesel were 771.54 mg/mL ± 15.28,722.98 mg/mL ± 37.38 and 714.86 mg/mL ± 29.99 from methanol, ethanol, and a mixture of methanol/ethanol (3 : 3)	[10]
140°C, 4 h of reaction time and a molar ratio of transesterification reactions of chicken fat/methanol 1 : 31.	The yield was of 98% under of 140°C, 4 h of reaction time, and a molar ratio of chicken fat and methanol of 1 : 31. Viscosity: 6.3 mm·2/s; density: 895.9 kg/m^3.	[11]
Enzymatic transesterification reactions of residual chicken fat with ethanol without cosolvents. Ten lipases tested.	CALB provided a 96% yield of ethyl biodiesel with 20 mg of the enzyme. After 10 h, the yield: 90%. Temperatures up to 50°C tolerated by the enzyme, reused.	[19]
Chicken fats/oil or WCO, methanol or ethanol (50 ml), n-hexane (50 ml), and HCl (2 ml) taken in a flask fitted with a condenser and refluxed at water bath at 100^oC for 24 hours separately.	The significant yields of fats and oils obtained from waste chicken fats and WCO were 38% and 80%, respectively.	[20]
Synthetic Mg additive studied in a single-cylinder, direct injection (DI) diesel engine and its effects on engine performance. A two-step catalytic process was chosen for the synthesis of the biodiesel. Organic-based synthetic magnesium additive doped into the biodiesel blend by 12 μmol Mg.	The engine torque was not changed significantly with 10% chicken fat biodiesel. The specific fuel consumption increased by 5.2%. In-cylinder peak pressure slightly rose, and the start of combustion was earlier. CO and smoke emissions decreased by 13% and 9%, respectively, but NOx emissions increased by 5%.	[21]
Acid-base and base-catalyzed transesterification. Hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide with methanol used. Transesterification of fried chicken oil monitored by TLC technique. Blending with petrodiesel using three volume percentages (10, 30, and 50% v/v).	Two-step base-catalyzed transesterification was better. The average molecular weight of FCO 878, the acid value of CFO was 2.80 mg; KOH/g oil. Density and KV of FCO 0.9222 g/mL and 50 mm^2S^−1; the IN and PP values of FCO were 61 mgI2/100 g; oil and 6, respectively, whereas CCI was 61.15.	[22]