Diabetic Retinopathy in Native and Nonnative Canadians

Ross, Stuart A.; McKenna, Anne; Mozejko, Sheila; Fick, Gordon H.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/76271

Journal of Diabetes Research

On this page

Abstract References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Diabetic Retinopathy: From Pathogenesis to Treatment

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2007 | Article ID 076271 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/76271

Diabetic Retinopathy in Native and Nonnative Canadians

Stuart A. Ross,¹Anne McKenna,¹Sheila Mozejko,²and Gordon H. Fick³

Academic Editor: Subrata Chakrabarti

Received18 Mar 2007

Accepted12 Jul 2007

Published15 Jan 2008

Abstract

High prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes are being observed in native Canadian communities. It is believed that native populations have a higher prevalence rate of vascular complications than nonnatives. The Southern Alberta Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) examined the prevalence and incidence of DR and associated metabolic abnormalities in native and nonnative subjects. Prevalence rates of DR in type 2 diabetic native and nonnative subjects were identical, with a prevalence rate of 40%. Native subjects with retinopathy, however, tended to have more advanced changes of retinopathy compared to the nonnative subjects. Key factors such as A1c, blood pressure, duration of diabetes, and lipid values were not significantly different between the two cohorts. These data indicate that ethnicity does play a role in the development and severity of DR but potential risk factors that may affect the development of retinopathy are not significantly different between native and nonnative groups.

References

B. E. Klein, R. Klein, S. E. Moss, and M. Palta, “A cohort study of the relationship of diabetic retinopathy to blood pressure,” Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 601–606, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar
B. E. Klein, R. Klein, S. E. Moss, and M. Palta, “Erratum: a cohort study of the relationship of diabetic retinopathy to blood pressure,” Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 114, no. 1, p. 109, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Klein, B. E. Klein, S. E. Moss, M. D. Davis, and D. L. DeMets, “Is blood pressure a predictor of the incidence or progression of diabetic retinopathy?” Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 149, no. 11, pp. 2427–2432, 1989.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Klein, B. E. Klein, S. E. Moss, M. D. Davis, and D. L. DeMets, “Glycosylated hemoglobin predicts the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 260, no. 19, pp. 2864–2871, 1988.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. E. Klein, S. E. Moss, and R. Klein, “Longitudinal measure of glycemic control and diabetic retinopathy,” Diabetes Care, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 273–277, 1987.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Y. Chew, M. L. Klein, F. L. Ferris III et al., “Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy: early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) report 22,” Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 114, no. 9, pp. 1079–1084, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Klein, B. E. Klein, S. E. Moss, and K. J. Cruickshanks, “The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy: XIV. Ten-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy,” Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 112, no. 9, pp. 1217–1228, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
S. B. Harris, B. Zinman, A. Hanley et al., “The impact of diabetes on cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in a native Canadian population,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 165–173, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. G. Bruce, “The impact of diabetes mellitus among the Métis of western Canada,” Ethnicity & Health, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 47–57, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. B. Harris, J. Gittelsohn, A. Hanley et al., “The prevalence of NIDDM and associated risk factors in native Canadians,” Diabetes Care, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 185–187, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. J. G. Hanley, S. B. Harris, M. Mamakeesick et al., “Complications of type 2 diabetes among aboriginal Canadians: prevalence and associated risk factors,” Diabetes Care, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 2054–2057, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
J.-M. Ekoe, J.-P. Thouez, C. Petitclerc, P. M. Foggin, and P. Ghadirian, “Epidemiology of obesity in relationship to some chronic medical conditions among Inuit and Cree Indian populations in New Quebec, Canada,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 10, 1, pp. S17–S27, 1990.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. C. Macaulay, L. T. Montour, and N. Adelson, “Prevalence of diabetic and atherosclerotic complications among Mohawk Indians of Kahnawake, PQ,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 139, no. 3, pp. 221–224, 1988.
View at: Google Scholar
P. H. Bennett, N. B. Rushforth, M. Miller, and P. M. LeCompte, “Epidemiologic studies of diabetes in the Pima Indians,” Recent Progress in Hormone Research, vol. 32, pp. 333–376, 1976.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Evers, E. McCracken, I. Antone, and G. Deagle, “The prevalence of diabetes in Indians and Caucasians living in Southwestern Ontario,” Canadian Journal of Public Health, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 240–243, 1987.
View at: Google Scholar
L. T. Montour and A. C. Macaulay, “High prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus and hypertension on a North American Indian reservation,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 132, no. 10, pp. 1110–1112, 1985.
View at: Google Scholar
S. B. Harris, J. Gittelsohn, A. Hanley et al., “The prevalence of NIDDM and associated risk factors in native Canadians,” Diabetes Care, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 185–187, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
T. K. Young and S. B. Harris, “Risk of clinical diabetes in a northern Native Canadian cohort,” Arctic Medical Research, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 64–70, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Brassard, E. Robinson, and C. Lavallee, “Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among the James Bay Cree of northern Quebec,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 303–307, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
H. J. Dean, R. L. Mundy, and M. Moffatt, “Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Indian children in Manitoba,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 52–57, 1992.
View at: Google Scholar
E. J. E. Szathmary and N. Holt, “Hyperglycemia in Dogrib Indians of the Northwest territories, Canada: association with age and a centripetal distribution of body fat,” Human Biology, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 493–515, 1983.
View at: Google Scholar
T. K. Young, “Diabetes mellitus among native Americans in Canada and the United States: an epidemiological review,” American Journal of Human Biology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 399–413, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. K. Young, J. M. Kaufert, J. K. McKenzie, A. Hawkins, and J. O'Neil, “Excessive burden of end-state renal disease among Canadian Indians: a national survey,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 79, no. 6, pp. 756–758, 1989.
View at: Google Scholar
P. J. Dyck, K. M. Kratz, J. L. Karnes et al., “The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study,” Neurology, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 817–824, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
P. J. Dyck, K. M. Kratz, J. L. Karnes et al., “Erratum: the prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study,” Neurology, vol. 43, no. 11, p. 2345, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
R. F. Dyck and L. Tan, “Rates and outcomes of diabetic end-stage renal disease among registered native people in Saskatchewan,” Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 150, no. 2, pp. 203–208, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Brassard, E. Robinson, and C. Dumont, “Descriptive epidemiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the James Bay Cree population of Quebec, Canada,” Arctic Medical Research, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 47–54, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
J. D. Martin and H. M. Yidegiligne, “Diabetes mellitus in the first nations population of British Columbia, Canada,” International Journal of Circumpolar Health, vol. 57, 1, pp. 335–339, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
S. M. Haffner, B. D. Mitchell, S. E. Moss et al., “Is there an ethnic difference in the effect of risk factors for diabetic retinopathy?” Annals of Epidemiology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 2–8, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
D. K. Nagi, D. J. Pettitt, P. H. Bennett, R. Klein, and W. C. Knowler, “Diabetic retinopathy assessed by fundus photography in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 449–456, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. A. L. Maberley, H. Hollands, A. Chang, S. Adilman, B. Chakraborti, and G. Kliever, “The prevalence of low vision and blindness in a Canadian inner city,” Eye, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 528–533, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Dorf, E. J. Ballintine, P. H. Bennett, and M. Miller, “Retinopathy in Pima Indians. Relationships to glucose level, duration of diabetes, age at diagnosis of diabetes, and age at examination in a population with a high prevalence of diabetes mellitus,” Diabetes, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 554–560, 1976.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Teuscher, H. Schnell, and P. W. F. Wilson, “Incidence of diabetic retinopathy and relationship to baseline plasma glucose and blood pressure,” Diabetes Care, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 246–251, 1988.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. E. Klein and R. Klein, “Diabetic retinopathy: possible etiological role of hyperglycemia,” Pediatrician, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 177–182, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
The diabetes control and complications trial research group, “The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 329, no. 14, pp. 977–986, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Gæde, P. Vedel, N. Larsen, G. V. H. Jensen, H.-H. Parving, and O. Pedersen, “Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 348, no. 5, pp. 383–393, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Klein, B. E. Klein, S. E. Moss, and Q. Wang, “Blood pressure, hypertension and retinopathy in a population,” Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, vol. 91, pp. 207–226, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
J. M. Lewis, L. Jovanovic-Peterson, I. Ahmadizadeh, W. Bevier, C. M. Peterson, and B. Williams, “The Santa Barbara County diabetic retinopathy screening feasibility study: significance of diabetes duration and systolic blood pressure,” Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 51–54, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. E. Klein, S. E. Moss, R. Klein, and T. S. Surawicz, “Serum cholesterol in Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy,” Diabetes Care, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 282–287, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. E. Klein, S. E. Moss, R. Klein, and T. S. Surawicz, “The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy XIII. Relationship of serum cholesterol to retinopathy and hard exudate,” Ophthalmology, vol. 98, no. 8, pp. 1261–1265, 1991.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Klein, B. E. Klein, and S. E. Moss, “Epidemiology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy,” Diabetes Care, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1875–1891, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. V. Howard and M. F. Magee, “Diabetes and cardiovascular disease,” Current Atherosclerosis Reports, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 476–481, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. F. Delisle, M. Rivard, and J. M. Ekoe, “Prevalence estimates of diabetes and of other cardiovascular risk factors in the two largest Algonquin communities of Quebec,” Diabetes Care, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1255–1259, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Klein, B. E. Klein, S. E. Moss, M. D. Davis, and D. L. DeMets, “The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years,” Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 527–532, 1984.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2007 Stuart A. Ross et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation Order printed copies